Lu???n v??n ????t...

Lu???n v??n Doxtoiepxki - ????? Ho??ng
PH??????R MIKHAIL??V??CH ????XT??IEPXKI - (Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky - ?????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????? ) V???I T??C PH???M: "ANH EM NH?? KARAMMAZ???P" (???????????? ????????????????????)
????? Ho??ng
????xt??iepxki - ?????????????????????? , chi???m m???t v??? tr?? l???i l???c trong v??n h???c Nga, nh?? m???t ng?????i k??? t???c truy???n th???ng nh??n ?????o v?? hi???n th???c, nh?? m???t nh?? v??n ph?? ph??n quy???t li???t x?? h???i t?? s???n - ?????a ch???, c???t cao ti???ng n??i m???nh m??? ch??? che con ng?????i b??nh d??? th?????ng b??? cu???c ?????i ?? tr???c l??m nh???c, gi??y x??o v?? ????y ?????a, lu??n lu??n b??? coi khinh, b??? x??c ph???m.
????xt??iepxki ???? t???o n??n m???t lo???i ti???u thuy???t m???i v?? ???? n??u l??n m???t c??ch h???t s???c ?????y ????? v?? s??u s???c nh???ng m??u thu???n c???a ?????i s???ng hi???n ?????i v?? nh???ng rung ?????ng s??u k??n c???a t??m h???n. ???? l?? ti???u thuy???t bi k???ch, ti???u thuy???t c???a nh???ng xung ?????t d??? d???i, gay c???n, s??u s???c, c??ng th???ng... V???i s??? ch??nh x??c nh?? nh?? ph???u thu???t, ????xt??iepxki ???? kh??m ph?? ra ?????i s???ng n???i t??m sau k??n c???a con ng?????i, ch??? ra nh???ng ??i???u ki???n x?? h???i h??nh th??nh n??n t??nh c??ch c???a con ng?????i.
S??ng t??c c???a ????xt??iepxki c?? ?? ngh??a qu???c t??? l???n lao. Cho ?????n ng??y nay ng?????i ta m???i th???y h???t t???m v??c v?? ?????i c???a nh?? v??n Nga n??y. H??? m???i ????nh gi?? ???????c ph???n n??o quy m?? tri???t l??, c??i nh??n s??u s???c soi th???u nh???ng mi???n b?? ???n trong t??m t?? t??nh c???m v???n s???ng ?????ng v?? th???t l?? ??a d???ng c???a con ng?????i. C??c nh?? v??n tr??n th??? g???i thu???c t???t c??? c??c tr?????ng ph??i: l??ng m???n, hi???n th???c, hi???n sinh ch??? ngh??a ?????u khai th??c m???t n??y, hay m???t kh??c ??? trong t??c ph???m b???t h??? c???a ????xt??iepxki l?? ????? t??? suy t??n m??nh l??n. B???i v?? ??? ????xt??iepxki kh??ng m???t v???n ????? n??o, kh??ng m???t ?? t?????ng n??o m?? kh??ng ???????c soi r???i, chi???u s??ng, ph??n t??ch ?????y ????? c???a c??c nh??n v???t c???a ????xt??iepxki v?? ???????c ?????y l??n ??? m???c ????? c??ng th???ng.
Th??? nh??ng, ngay ??? qu?? h????ng, t??? qu???c c???a ????xt??iepxki, ng?????i ta v???n ch??a ????nh gi?? h???t t???m v??c c???a ????xt??iepxki. S??ch c???a ??ng in ra ??t. Nh???ng ng?????i nghi??n c???u v??? ??ng kh??ng nhi???u.??? n?????c ta (Vi???t Nam), nh???t l?? mi???n B???c tr?????c ????y kh?? c?? th??? t??m ra th???y s??ch c???a ????xt??iepxki. T??nh h??nh c???i m??? v??i n??m l???i ????y cho ta ???????c ?????c m???t v??i t??c ph???m c???a ??ng ???????c chuy???n qua Vi???t ng???. Nh??ng ????xt??i epxki r???t ph???c t???p. T??c ph???m c???a ??ng ?????c r???t h???p d???n nh??ng th???t kh?? hi???u. ?????c v??i ba l???n c??ng ch??a c?? th??? n??i l?? ???? hi???u h???t ?? t??nh c???a ????xt??iepxki g???i g???m, ki???n gi???i. Vi???c kh?? n??y kh??ng ch??? kh?? ?????i v???i ng?????i Vi???t Nam ?????c, nghi??n c???u v??? ????xt??iepxki m?? ngay t???i n?????c Nga v?? ph????ng T??y - nh???ng h???c gi??? l???n c??ng c?? nh???ng ?? ki???n ????nh gi?? kh??c nhau.
B???n th??n t??i ???????c ?????c ????xt??iepxki, l??m lu???n v??n v??? ????xt??iep xki l?? m???t ni???m vinh h???nh nh??ng c??ng m???t vi???c l??m qu?? s???c v?? tr??nh ????? c???a m??nh. Nh??ng l?? ng?????i y??u m???n ????xt??iepxki, ng?????i s??ng b??i ??ng, t??i v???n m???nh d???n n??u l??n nh???ng suy ngh??, ki???n gi???i c???a m??nh khi l??m lu???n v??n v??? ????xt??iepxki.
????xt??iepxki ????? l???i cho ?????i ssau h??ng ch???c ki???t t??c, h??ng ch???c nh??n v???t mang t???m v??c th??? k???. Nh??n v???t c???a ??ng s??ng t???o ra kh???ng l??? v??? m???i m???t...Nh???ng nh??n v???t v??? tha, trong s???ch, cao ng???o, ??i???n h??nh cho t??nh c??ch ng?????i Nga v?? c???a nh??n lo???i. V???i nh???ng nh??n v???t ph???n di???n th?? ??ch k???, h???p h??i, t??n nh???n th???c thi c??i ??c ?????n c??ng. V???i t??i n??ng v?? ?????i, v???i nh???ng v???n s???ng tr???i nghi???m phong ph??, v???i tr??i tim gi??u nh??n h???u, ????x t??iepxki ???? ???o ra nh???ng nh??n v???t ??i???n h??nh bi???t l???p, kh??ng ai gi???ng ai. M???t Raxk??lmin??v tham quy???n l???c, th??ch l??m c??i ??c, m???t Ho??ng th??n M??skhin lu??n lu??n day d???t, x??t th????ng tr?????c c??i c???nh ?????i, c???nh ng?????i ??au kh??? qu???n qu???i, m???t Xmer??iak??p c??m th?? con ng?????i, m???t I van Fi??????vits b??ng b??? ????i b??? Ch??a, m???t ??imitri Fi?????? vits cu???ng lo???n ;m???t Fi????or Pavl??vits ham nh???c d???c. V?? m???t Z??xima k??nh Ch??a s??ng danh v???i t???m l??ng qu???ng ?????i, v??? tha, trong s???ch...
T??i kh??ng th??? ph??n t??ch h???t c??c nh??n v???t n???i ti???ng c???a ????xt??iepxki m?? ch??? ??i sau ph??n t??ch ????nh gi?? th???u hi???u nh??n v???t Z??xima - Nh??n v???t m?? ????xt??iepxki g???i g???m nhi???u n???i ?????c mong, l??ng t??? thi???n c???a m??nh cho h???u th???. Z??xima l?? nh??n v???t trung t??m chi???m m???t ph???n quan tr???ng trong ki???t t??c " Anh em nh?? Karamaz??p" c???a nh?? v??n. ????? hi???u th???u nh??n v???t Z??xima, ch??ng ta kh??ng th??? kh??ng t??m hi???u th??m cu???c ?????i ri??ng c???a ???? xt??iepxki. B???i v?? khi x??y d???ng nh??n v???t cha Z??xima, ????xt??iepxki ???? l???y m???t ph???n cu???c ?????i c???a m??nh l??n l???n trong b??o t??p ?????i th???t, l???y kh??t v???ng l?? t?????ng c???a m??nh l??m nguy??n m???u cho nh??n v???t ??i???n h??nh n??y. C?? th??? n??i cha Z??xima l?? hi???n th??n c??? ????xt??iepxki c??? th???i tr??? trai cho ?????n th???i cu???i ?????i. Cha Z??xima hi???n th??n ????xt??iepxki c??? v??? h??nh m???o, c??? v??? t??m t??nh, ?????c v???ng s???ng, c??? v??? n???i kh???, ni???m ??au trong cu???c ?????i.
????xt??iepxki sinh ng??y 30 - 10 - 1821 (c?? s??ch ghi l?? 11 -11 - 1821) t???i Matsc??va. N??m 17 tu???i, ??ng v??o tr?????ng c??ng binh t???i Petecbourg. N??m 1844 gi???i ng?? theo nghi???p v??n. ??ng th??nh c??ng ngay t??c ph???m ?????u tay: D??n ngh??o n??m 1846 . N??m ????xt??iepxki 27 tu???ii b??? b???t gi??? v?? ??ng tham gia v??o m???t nh??m ch???ng l???i ch??nh quy???n Sa ho??ng v?? b??? ????y ??i Xibiri . Sau b???n n??m kh??? sai, ??ng ph???c v??? v???i t?? c??ch l?? ng?????i l??nh binh nh?? t???i Omask. N??m 1857, k???t duy??n v???i m???t g??a ph??? m???c b???nh lao Marie Isaeva. N??m 1860 tr??? l???i Petecbourg. N??m 1862 th??m T??y ??u. Ngo??i 40 tu???i k???t duy??n v???i Anna Grigorievna. Anna Grigorievna l?? ng?????i v??? ho??n h???o, ng?????i th?? k?? t???n t???y c???a ????xt??iepxki. ??ng m???t t???i Petecbourg ng??y 28 - 1 - 1881.
T??? khi sinh th??nh cho ?????n khi m???t, ????xt??iepxki s???ng trong m???t th??? k??? n?????c Nga s??i s???c v???i nh???ng cu???c kh???i ngh??a, cu???c bi???u t??nh. D?? ??m c???a nh???ng cu???c ?????u tranh th??? k??? tr?????c nh?? v???n c??n vang v???ng. Ch??? ????? Sa ho??ng ng??y c??ng t??? r?? s???c m???nh chuy??n ch??? c???a m??nh. Ng???c th???t c???a ch??nh quy???n phong ki???n, t?? b???n ??ang m??? r???ng ????? t???ng giam nh???ng ng?????i ch???ng l???i ch??? ????? ??????ng th???i. ????xt??iepxki ???? tham gia v??o phong tr??o kh???i ngh??a, ho???t ?????ng trong nh???ng h???i k??n ch???ng l???i ch??nh quy???n ??????ng th???i. M???c k??ch ???????c nh???ng c???nh s???ng c???a nh???ng k??? b???o lo???n, ch??nh m??nh ??ng ch???ng ki???n v?? s???ng trong m??i tr?????ng c???a m???t ng?????i t??? t?? gi???m ??n. ????xt??iepxki th???t v???ng tr?????c c??i ??c v?? c?? ph???n b???t l???c khi th???y c??i ??c ho??nh h??nh th??? gian. C??u h???i su???t ?????i tr??n tr??? trong c??i l??ng, c??i t??m linh s??u xa c???a ????xt??iepxki l?? n???i th???ng kh??? c???a con ng?????i. L??m th??? n??o ????? c???u v???t con ng?????i? C??i thi???n c???u v???t con ng?????i hay c??i ??c? C?? Ch??a kh??ng? Nh???ng k??? t??? x??ng l?? ??n nh??n c???a nh??n lo???i, k??? ???y l?? ai? Nh???ng k??? ??ao ph???, nh???ng k??? kho??c ??o ?????u tranh cho t??? do, nh???ng k??? ???y c?? ph???i l?? ??n nh??n c???a nh??n lo???i kh??ng? Con ???????ng ?????n v????ng qu???c c??i thi???n l?? con ???????ng nh?? th??? n??o? ???? l?? c??u h???i v??nh c???u su???t ?????i ????xt??iepxki nung n???u, tr??n tr???, mong mu???n b??y gi???i. V?? ch??nh ki???t t??c "Anh em nh?? Karammar???p", t??c ph???m v?? ?????i nh???t c???a ????xt??iepxki t???ng k???t c??? cu???c ?????i vi???t v??n c???a ??ng. N?? t??? h???i t???t c??? nh???ng ?? t?????ng m?? ????xt??iepxki ???p ???, g???i g???m v?? b??y gi???i. Nh??n v???t cha Z??xima ch??nh l?? c??u tr??? l???i co bao nhi??u n??m ????xt??iepxki g???i g???m. Ch??nh c??i thi???n hi???n th???c v?? c??i thi???n l?? t?????ng, v?? m???t ?????ng Ch??a c???u th??? s??? l?? ??n nh??n c???u r???i con ng?????i ra kh???i u m??, l???m l???c, ra kh???i c??i ??c???
(c??n n???a)

Tác giả: duyprint