Mai d??m Trung Hoa c??

L???ch s??? t???i gi???n v??? m???i d??m ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i
G??i m???i d??m, hay g??i m???i d??m, l?? m???t ph???n c???a x?? h???i Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i trong h??ng ng??n n??m. H??? ch??nh th???c bi???n m???t kh???i l???ch s??? ch??? sau khi C???ng h??a Nh??n d??n Trung Hoa ???????c th??nh l???p. Do nh???ng t??c ?????ng ti??u c???c c???a ngh??? n??y ?????i v???i x?? h???i, ng?????i hi???n ?????i r???t k??n ti???ng v??? n??. H??n n???a, vi???c x??a b??? ngh??? n??y trong x?? h???i hi???n ?????i ???? d???n ?????n vi???c thi???u hi???u bi???t v??? b???n ch???t th???c s??? c???a n??.
Khi mi??u t??? ngh??? n??y trong v??n h???c, ??i???n ???nh v?? truy???n h??nh hi???n ?????i, th?????ng c?? hai th??i c???c. M???t l?? ????nh ?????ng m???i d??m v???i g??i m???i d??m v?? h??? th???p gi?? tr??? c???a h???. Hai l?? ????nh ?????ng t???t c??? g??i m???i d??m v???i nh???ng k??? n??? n???i ti???ng nh?? L?? Thi Thi v?? T?? Ti???u Hi???u, mi??u t??? h??? l?? nh???ng "ng?????i c?? h???c th???c" t??i n??ng. Tr??n th???c t???, c??? hai c??ch hi???u n??y ?????u kh??ng ?????y ????? v??? ngh??? n??y.
Kh??ng kh?? ????? hi???u ???????c nh???ng n??t chung c???a ngh??? n??y. C??ng c?? r???t nhi???u s??ch nghi??n c???u v??? ngh??? m???i d??m. V?? d???, "L???ch s??? k??? n??? Trung Qu???c" c???a V????ng Thu???n N??? v?? "K??? n??? v?? tr?? th???c" c???a Saito Shigeru ???? c?? nh???ng nghi??n c???u chi ti???t v??? ngh??? n??y. Ngo??i ra, c??n c?? nh???ng ti???u thuy???t mi??u t??? c??? th??? cu???c s???ng c???a nh???ng ng?????i h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m, ch???ng h???n nh?? "Hoa Th?????ng H???i" c???a H??n Bang Kh??nh, c??ng c?? th??? cung c???p cho ?????c gi??? m???t g??c nh??n ????? quan s??t "m???t ti???n v?? m???t h???u" c???a ngh??? n??y. B??i vi???t ng???n n??y nh???m m???c ????ch gi???i thi???u v??? ngh??? m???i d??m th???i x??a m???t c??ch ng???n g???n nh???t c?? th???, kh??ng mang n???i dung khi??u d??m, t???c t??u. ????? c??ng ch??ng hi???n ?????i c?? c??i nh??n kh??ch quan h??n v??? n??.
T??? "k??? n???" xu???t hi???n mu???n h??n nhi???u so v???i ngh??? m???i d??m. Theo c??c t??i li???u hi???n c??, c?? th??? suy ra r???ng ngh??? m???i d??m ???? xu???t hi???n mu???n nh???t v??o th???i Xu??n Thu, nh??ng v??o th???i ??i???m ????, ngh??? n??y kh??ng ???????c g???i l?? k??? n???.
K??? n??? kh??ng t???n t???i trong "Thuy???t v??n" c???a T??? Th???n th???i ????ng H??n. Tuy nhi??n, c?? hai t??? kh??c r???t li??n quan trong "Thuy???t v??n" l?? "changji" [1]. L???i gi???i th??ch c???a T??? Th???n v??? "changji" (changji) r???t ????n gi???n: "chang" ngh??a l?? "ca s??" v?? "ji" ngh??a l?? "ng?????i (nh???y m??a) ??i??u luy???n". ??i???u n??y cho th???y changji kh??ng ch??? y???u ph??n bi???t gi???i t??nh. H??n n???a, ngh??? nghi???p ch??nh c???a h??? kh??ng ph???i l?? ph???c v??? t??nh d???c, m?? l?? bi???u di???n ngh??? thu???t.
Tuy nhi??n, trong x?? h???i c??? ?????i, nh???ng ng?????i bi???u di???n changji c?? ?????a v??? x?? h???i r???t th???p, g???n gi???ng nh?? n?? l???, v?? h???u h???t ?????u thi???u t??? do c?? nh??n. Do ????, n???u nh???ng ng?????i bi???u di???n n??y l???t v??o m???t xanh c???a giai c???p th???ng tr???, h??? th?????ng ???????c k??? v???ng s??? cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c. X?? h???i c??? ?????i mang t??nh gia tr?????ng, v?? giai c???p th???ng tr??? ch??? y???u l?? nam gi???i. Do ????, ph??? n??? th?????ng l?? ng?????i cung c???p cho nh???ng ng?????i ????n ??ng n??y c??c bu???i bi???u di???n ngh??? thu???t, v?? do ????, cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c (m???c d?? giai c???p th???ng tr??? c?? h??nh vi kh??u g???i t??nh d???c kh??ng ph???i l?? hi???m ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i). Do ????, "changji" d???n d???n ph??t tri???n th??nh "proxy", v???i ch??? "woman" ???????c g???n v??o. Khi t??n g???i ph??t tri???n, ngh??? n??y ng??y c??ng m???t ??i b???n ch???t ngh??? thu???t v?? t???p trung h??n v??o vi???c cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c. M??i ?????n th???i nh?? Minh, nh???ng ng?????i h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m ch??? cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c, kh??ng tham gia bi???u di???n ngh??? thu???t, c??ng ???????c g???i l?? g??i m???i d??m.
Tuy nhi??n, ngay c??? tr?????c khi g??i m???i d??m v?? th???m ch?? c??? g??i m???i d??m xu???t hi???n, ngh??? n??y ???? t???n t???i. Khi ???? n?? ???????c g???i l?? g??? V??n b???n s???m nh???t ???????c bi???t ?????n x??c ?????nh n?? l?? "n??? nh???c s??", s??? k???t h???p gi???a ph??? n??? v?? ??m nh???c. Trong th???i Xu??n Thu v?? Chi???n Qu???c, gi???i qu?? t???c th?????ng c?? n??? nh???c s?? - n?? l??? bi???u di???n ??m nh???c cho ch??nh h??? ho???c kh??ch c???a h???, v?? h??? s??? cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c n???u kh??ch y??u c???u c??c d???ch v??? kh??c.
??i???u n??y cho th???y r???ng trong th???i Xu??n Thu v?? Chi???n Qu???c, g??i m???i d??m ??? t???ng l???p th?????ng l??u th???c hi???n c??? bi???u di???n ngh??? thu???t v?? d???ch v??? t??nh d???c. ??i???u n??y kh??c v???i quan ni???m sau n??y cho r???ng g??i m???i d??m ch??? tham gia v??o d???ch v??? t??nh d???c, v?? kh??a c???nh ??m nh???c th???m ch?? c??n v?????t tr???i h??n kh??a c???nh t??nh d???c. Tuy nhi??n, ??i???u ki???n s???ng c???a g??i m???i d??m v??o cu???i th???i nh?? Thanh v?? Trung Hoa D??n Qu???c c??ng cho th???y g??i m???i d??m ph???c v??? t???ng l???p th???ng tr??? th?????ng l??u ???????c y??u c???u ph???i c?? n??ng khi???u ngh??? thu???t. Tuy nhi??n, g??i m???i d??m ph???c v??? ????n ??ng thu???c t???ng l???p th???p h??n th?????ng kh??ng y??u c???u n??ng khi???u n??y. Nguy??n nh??n l?? do t???ng l???p th???p s???ng trong c???nh ngh??o ????i v?? thi???u ti???n ????? theo ??u???i th?? vui ngh??? thu???t. H??? th?????ng t??m ?????n g??i m???i d??m ch??? ????? th???a m??n nh???ng ham mu???n b??? d???n n??n. (Ph??? n???, v???n l?? m???t "ngu???n l???c" th???i x??a, ???????c ph??n b??? c???c k??? kh??ng ?????ng ?????u, khi???n nhi???u ????n ??ng thu???c t???ng l???p th???p kh?? t??m ???????c b???n ?????i.) V???y n??n, v??o th???i Xu??n Thu v?? Chi???n Qu???c, b??n c???nh nh???ng "n??? nh???c c??ng" ph???c v??? gi???i qu?? t???c, li???u c?? g??i m???i d??m ph???c v??? t???ng l???p th???p v?? ch??? ????n gi???n l?? cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c kh??ng? C?? ch???. Vua C??u Ti???n n?????c Vi???t t???ng t???p h???p c??c "g??a ph???" trong v????ng qu???c l??n n??i N??? ????? ????? ph???c v??? t??nh d???c cho binh l??nh c???a m??nh. ????y c?? l??? l?? tr?????ng h???p s???m nh???t ???????c ghi nh???n v??? vi???c g??i m???i d??m cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c cho t???ng l???p th???p m?? kh??ng c???n bi???u di???n ngh??? thu???t.
Kh???ng T??? t???ng n??i: "C???n ph???i ch???nh ?????n l???i t??n g???i". ?? t?????ng l?? ????? ?????m b???o "t??n g???i ph?? h???p v???i th???c t???". V???i s??? xu???t hi???n c???a thu???t ng??? "g??i m???i d??m", ngh??? m???i d??m c??ng tr???i qua m???t s??? ph??n h??a. "G??i m???i d??m" d???n d???n ???????c d??ng ????? ch??? nh???ng ng?????i h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m ch??? cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c m?? kh??ng c???n bi???u di???n ngh??? thu???t, trong khi "g??i m???i d??m" tr??? th??nh m???t ngh??? "gi???i tr?? v??n h??a" v???i ho???t ?????ng ch??nh l?? ti???p kh??ch u???ng r?????u, tr?? chuy???n, ca h??t nh???y m??a, th???o lu???n v??n ch????ng, v?? th???m ch?? c?? th??? l???a ch???n quan h??? t??nh d???c v???i kh??ch h??ng. Do ????, nh???ng nh??n v???t nh?? Ti???t ????o, L?? Thi Thi v?? T?? Ti???u Hi???u ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i ???????c coi l?? nh???ng g??i m???i d??m n???i ti???ng, ch??? kh??ng ph???i l?? "g??i m???i d??m n???i ti???ng".
T???t nhi??n, gi???ng nh?? t???t c??? c??c ngh??? ?????u c?? t??n g???i ch??nh th???c v?? kh??ng ch??nh th???c, ngh??? m???i d??m c??ng c?? r???t nhi???u t??n g???i kh??ng ch??nh th???c. Do nh???ng t??c ?????ng ti??u c???c c???a n?? ?????i v???i x?? h???i (ph?? v??? h??n nh??n, ph?? v??? phong t???c v?? l??m suy y???u ?????o ?????c), nh???ng t??n g???i kh??ng ch??nh th???c c???a ngh??? n??y th?????ng mang h??m ?? mi???t th???. V?? d???: "g??" ?????ng ??m v???i "ji", nh??ng l???i d??ng m???t lo??i ?????ng v???t ????? bi???u th??? s??? khinh mi???t. "con ????" (bitch) xu???t hi???n v??o kho???ng th???i nh?? Minh, ??m ch??? m???t ng?????i ph??? n??? s???ng xa nh?? v?? kh??ng c?? ai n????ng t???a. G??i m???i d??m ???????c coi l?? nh???ng ng?????i ph??? n??? b??? ??u???i kh???i nh??. "Yaojie'er" (ch??? l?? nung) xu???t hi???n v??o kho???ng th???i nh?? Thanh. C?? hai c??ch gi???i th??ch: m???t l?? g??i m???i d??m h???ng th???p s???ng trong nh???ng l?? nung ????? n??t, hai l?? b???t k??? ai c??ng c?? th??? ti???p c???n b??? ph???n sinh d???c c???a h???, t????ng t??? nh?? nh???ng l?? nung ????? n??t.
Ngo??i ra, c??c khu v???c v?? th???i k??? kh??c nhau ???? ?????t ra nh???ng t??n g???i c??? th??? kh??c cho g??i m???i d??m. V?? d???, g??i m???i d??m h???ng cao ??? Th?????ng H???i th???i Trung Hoa D??n Qu???c ???????c g???i l?? "shuyu", "cishi" v?? "xiaoshu", v?? n???u kh??ng ???????c x??c ?????nh c???n th???n, r???t kh?? ????? bi???t h??? c?? ph???i l?? g??i m???i d??m hay kh??ng. ??? H???ng K??ng, g??i m???i d??m ti???p kh??ch t???i nh?? ri??ng ???????c g???i l?? "loufeng" v?? g??i m???i d??m ch??o m???i kh??ch tr??n ph??? ???????c g???i l?? "liuying". ??? ????i Loan, Trung Qu???c, c?? "fanjumei" v?? ??? Trung Qu???c ?????i l???c, c?? "jiejie".
Ngu???n g???c
G???n nh?? kh??ng th??? x??c minh v?? tr??? l???i l???ch s??? c???a ngh??? m???i d??m ??? Trung Qu???c, b???i v?? ngh??? n??y xu???t hi???n s???m h??n nhi???u so v???i s??? xu???t hi???n c???a ch??? vi???t.
Trong l???ch s??? s?? khai c???a lo??i ng?????i, ???? c?? t???c th??? c??ng sinh s???n. Do ????, nhi???u n???n v??n minh ???? c?? h??nh vi t??nh d???c trong c??c nghi l??? t??n gi??o b?? ???n ban ?????u c???a h???. V?? d???, nh???ng ph??? n??? tr??? ??? Babylon c??? ?????i ph???i ?????n ?????n th??? Militia v??o m???t ng??y nh???t ?????nh trong n??m v?? quan h??? t??nh d???c v???i nh???ng ng?????i ????n ??ng qu??? xu???ng th??? ph???ng c?? nh?? n??? th???n Militia. ????y l?? m???t nghi l??? thay th??? th???n linh b???ng con ng?????i[2]. Trong x?? h???i nguy??n th???y s?? khai c???a Nh???t B???n, c??ng c?? m???t nghi l??? t??n gi??o nguy??n th???y, trong ???? c??c ph?? th???y y??u c???u th???n linh nh???p v??o c?? th??? m??nh v?? sau ???? quan h??? t??nh d???c v???i ????n ??ng[3]. ??ng V????ng Thu???n N??? g???i h??nh vi n??y l?? "g??i m???i d??m ph?? th???y". N???u ch??ng ta ?????nh ngh??a ????y l?? m???t lo???i m???i d??m, th?? ngu???n g???c c???a m???i d??m c?? th??? b???t ngu???n t??? th???i k??? nguy??n th???y c???a lo??i ng?????i.
M???t s??? th???t t????ng ?????i r?? r??ng l?? m???i d??m ???? t???n t???i trong th???i k??? n?? l???. N???u ch??ng ta quan s??t c??c b??? l???c nguy??n th???y hi???n c??, ch??ng ta s??? th???y hi???n t?????ng s??? d???ng ph??? n??? tr??? trong s??? n?? l??? l??m n?? l??? t??nh d???c r???t ph??? bi???n trong c??c b??? l???c n??y. Trong l???ch s??? n?????c ta, ngu???n g???c c???a m???i d??m c?? th??? b???t ngu???n t??? th???i c??? ?????i. V?? d???, trong th???i k??? Tam Ho??ng huy???n tho???i, c?? m???t k??? n??? t??n l?? "H???ng Nhai", ???????c c??c th??? h??? sau t??n s??ng l?? "t??? ti??n" c???a c??c k??? vi???n. Trong ph???n mi??u t??? v??? ao r?????u v?? r???ng th???t c???a vua Chu trong "S??? k??: ??n th??"[4], vua Chu ???? "tri???u" nh???ng m??? n??? ?????n v?? ??i t??y ??, n??n c?? l??? h??? c??ng c?? m???t s??? ?????c ??i???m c???a k??? vi???n. Nh???ng ghi ch??p r?? r??ng h??n v??? k??? vi???n n???m trong "H??n Phi T???" v?? "Chi???n Qu???c S??ch". C??? hai cu???n s??ch ?????u ????? c???p r???ng khi Qu???n Tr???ng l??m t??? t?????ng n?????c T??? Ho??ng Cung, ??ng ???? cho l???p n??n c??c "k??? vi???n n???" ?????y m??? n??? ????? ph???c v??? c??c quan l???i v?? s??? th???n c??c n?????c. Thu nh???p t??? vi???c ti??u d??ng c???a qu?? t???c ??? ???? c??ng c?? th??? l??m gi??u cho ng??n kh??? qu???c gia. C?? th??? th???y r???ng "N?? L??" v??? c?? b???n gi???ng v???i k??? vi???n c???a c??c th??? h??? sau, v???i b???n ch???t l?? mua b??n. Ngo??i ra, "S??? k??: Gia ????nh Kh???ng T???" c??n ghi l???i r???ng khi Kh???ng T??? n???m quy???n ??? L???, T??? s??? L??? s??? gi??u c?? v?? quy???n l???c n??n ???? ?????c bi???t ch???n 80 nh???c c??ng n??? ????? g???i ?????n vua L???. Vua L??? say m?? ph??? n??? v?? kh??ng c??n quan t??m ?????n vi???c tri???u ch??nh n???a. Kh???ng T??? ???? t??? ch???c trong s??? th???t v???ng. Trong ghi ch??p n??y, c??c nh???c c??ng n??? c???a T??? kh??ng ch??? l??m vi???c ??? N??? L???c m?? c??n c?? th??? b??? cho ??i theo ?? mu???n, ??i???u n??y c??ng ch???ng t??? r???ng h??? kh??ng c?? quy???n t??? do v?? quy???n l???c c?? nh??n nh?? nh???ng g??i m???i d??m. Ngo??i ra, theo ghi ch??p c???a "Tuy???t Nguy???t Th??", khi C??u Ti???n kh??i ph???c ?????t n?????c, ????? kh??ch l??? binh l??nh, ??ng ???? t???p h???p c??c g??a ph??? trong n?????c t???i m???t n??i g???i l?? ?????c Ph???c S??n ????? binh l??nh h?????ng th???. ??i???u n??y kh?? gi???ng v???i t??nh tr???ng ph??? n??? gi???i khu??y c???a qu??n x??m l?????c Nh???t B???n sau n??y. T??? nh???ng ??i???u tr??n, c?? th??? th???y r???ng ??t nh???t l?? v??o th???i Xu??n Thu, m???i d??m ???? t???n t???i r???ng r??i ??? Trung Qu???c, nh??ng v??o th???i ??i???m ????, h??nh th???c m???i d??m ch??? y???u l?? m???i d??m do tri???u ????nh qu???n l?? d??nh cho gi???i qu?? t???c v?? m???i d??m do qu??n ?????i qu???n l??. Vi???c m???i d??m d??n gian c?? ra ?????i v??o th???i ??i???m n??y hay kh??ng, v?? li???u ch??ng c?? h???p ph??p hay kh??ng, hi???n t???i v???n ch??a th??? x??c minh.
Ph??n lo???i
Th???c t???, m???i d??m ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i ???????c ph??n lo???i. M???i lo???i ph???c v??? m???t nh??m ng?????i c??? th???. N?? kh??ng gi???ng nh?? nh???ng g?? ???????c m?? t??? trong phim ???nh v?? truy???n h??nh hi???n ?????i, n??i b???t k??? ai c??ng c?? th??? g???p m???t "k??? n??? n???i ti???ng" ho???c g??i m???i d??m c?? th??? t??? do l???a ch???n v?? ti???p kh??ch. Trong l???ch s???, c?? kho???ng s??u lo???i g??i m???i d??m: m???i d??m cung ????nh, m???i d??m gia ????nh, m???i d??m tr???i, m???i d??m quan ch???c, m???i d??m th?????ng d??n v?? m???i d??m b?? m???t.
Trinh n??? cung ????nh
????ng nh?? t??n g???i, h??? l?? g??i m???i d??m trong cung ??i???n. Nhi???u ng?????i tin r???ng ho??ng ????? c?? tam cung l???c vi???n n??n kh??ng c???n ?????n "k??? n???", nh??ng th???c t??? kh??ng ph???i v???y.
Tr?????c h???t, s??? l?????ng "v??? v?? phi t???n" mang t?????c hi???u ch??nh th???c c???a c??c ho??ng ????? thu???c c??c tri???u ?????i kh??c nhau ???? ???????c ???n ?????nh, ch???ng h???n nh?? m???t ho??ng h???u ??? nh?? Thanh, m???t phi t???n, hai phi t???n qu?? t???c, b???n phi t???n v?? s??u phi t???n.Tuy nhi??n, m???t s??? ho??ng ????? c?? ham mu???n t??nh d???c v?? ?????, n??n c???n ph???i l???p k??? n??? trong cung.
Th??? hai, v??? m???t l?? thuy???t, phi t???n c???a ho??ng ????? c??ng l?? t???ng l???p th???ng tr??? trong cung ??i???n. N???u c?? bi???u di???n, y???n ti???c v?? c??c nghi l??? trong cung ??i???n, k??? n??? v???n c???n thi???t ????? ph???c v???.
V???y, v?? cung ??i???n c???n k??? n???, v???y k??? n??? n??y ?????n t??? ????u? Trong l???ch s???, ngu???n k??? n??? ch??nh trong cung ??i???n l?? v??? v?? con g??i c???a c??c quan ?????i th???n ph???m t???i, v??? v?? con g??i c???a t?? binh chi???n tranh ??? bi??n gi???i, v?? ph??? n??? b??? c??c n?????c c???ng n???p. C?? ghi ch??p trong s??? s??ch nh?? H??n r???ng vua n?????c Oa ???? c???ng n???p cho ho??ng ????? b???ng n?? l??? nam v?? n???[9], v?? m???t s??? n?? l??? c???ng n???p n??y ???? tr??? th??nh k??? n??? trong cung ??i???n.
K??? n??? trong cung ch??? y???u ph???c v??? nhu c???u gi???i tr?? c???a ho??ng ????? nh?? bi???u di???n, ca h??t v?? nh???y m??a, nh??ng ????i khi c??ng ph???c v??? t??nh d???c. N???u ???????c ho??ng ????? s???ng ??i nh??? ph???c v??? t??nh d???c, ho???c n???u h??? mang thai, h??? c?? th??? thay ?????i s??? ph???n v?? tr??? th??nh phi t???n ho???c phi t???n c?? ?????a v??? ch??nh th???c c???a ho??ng ?????, nh??ng nh???ng tr?????ng h???p nh?? v???y r???t hi???m. M???t v?? d??? ??i???n h??nh l?? L?? Th??? c???a H??n V?? ?????. B?? v???n l?? em g??i c???a L?? Di??n Ni??n, m???t nh???c c??ng trong cung, ?????ng th???i c??ng l?? m???t k??? n??? trong cung. Sau n??y, L?? Di??n Ni??n ti???n c??? em g??i m??nh v???i H??n V?? ????? v?? so???n m???t b???n nh???c t???ng b??: "Ph????ng B???c c?? m???t m??? nh??n, ?????c l???p v?? song. M???t ??nh m???t c???a n??ng c?? th??? ??p ?????o c??? th??nh, m???t ??nh m???t c???a n??ng c?? th??? ??p ?????o c??? n?????c. Ch???ng l??? ho??ng th?????ng kh??ng bi???t n??ng c?? th??? ??p ?????o c??? th??nh l???n n?????c sao? M???t m??? nh??n nh?? v???y kh?? t??m l???i ???????c." Th??nh ng??? "??p ?????o c??? th??nh l???n n?????c" xu???t ph??t t??? ????y. V?? v???y, H??n V?? ????? ???? tri???u t???p em g??i c???a L?? Di??n Ni??n. ????ng nh?? d??? ??o??n, n??ng v???a xinh ?????p v???a t??i gi???i, n??n ???????c ch??ng h???t m???c c??ng chi???u. Em g??i c???a L?? Di??n Ni??n tr??? th??nh L?? phu nh??n.
Thi???u n??? trong cung
Th???i x??a, c??c nh?? nho ?????u c?? cung n??? trong nh??. H??? ???????c d??ng ????? bi???u di???n, chi??u ????i r?????u, v?? l??m h???u b??n trong c??c bu???i y???n ti???c v?? c??c ho???t ?????ng gi???i tr??. M???t v?? d??? n???i ti???ng h??n l?? ??i??u Thuy???n trong ti???u thuy???t Tam Qu???c Di???n Ngh??a. ??i??u Thuy???n ban ?????u l?? cung n??? c???a Th???a t?????ng V????ng Do??n. Khi ?????ng Tr??c v?? L??? B??? ?????n th??m, h??? s??? bi???u di???n c??c ??i???u m??a ????? khu???y ?????ng kh??ng kh?? v?? l??m vui l??ng c??? ch??? l???n kh??ch. T???t nhi??n, n???u ch??? nh?? mu???n l??m vui l??ng kh??ch h??n n???a, ??ng ta c??ng c?? th??? g??? cung n??? cho kh??ch. Trong ti???u thuy???t, V????ng Do??n ???? kh??o l??o d??ng chi??u "g???" ??i??u Thuy???n ????? khi???n ?????ng Tr??c v?? L??? B??? xa l??nh. Ngo??i ra, m??? c???a T???n Th???y Ho??ng, Tri???u C??, c??ng l?? cung n??? c???a L??? B???t Vi. Theo "S??? k??", khi L?? B???t Vi chi??u ????i th??i t??? D???ch Nh??n n?????c T???n, ??ng ???? m???i k??? n??? Tri???u C?? nh???y m??a ????? chi??u ????i. D???ch Nh??n say m?? n??ng v?? c???u h??n. L?? B???t Vi kh??ng mu???n g??? n??ng, nh??ng x??t ?????n vi???c ??ng ???? d??nh ph???n l???n t??i s???n c???a gia ????nh cho D???ch Nh??n, m???t "h??ng hi???m", th?? vi???c l???y m???t k??? n??? ????? l??m m???t l??ng D???ch Nh??n l?? m???t t???n th???t l???n. V?? v???y, ??ng ????nh ph???i mi???n c?????ng g??? Tri???u C?? cho D???ch Nh??n. S??? vi???c n??y c??ng tr??? th??nh ngu???n g???c c???a nh???ng suy ??o??n v??? cha ru???t c???a T???n Th???y Ho??ng. C??c thi s?? v?? h???c gi??? th???i ???????ng v?? T???ng m?? ch??ng ta bi???t ?????n c??ng c?? ngh??? m???i d??m. V?? d???, Ph???m T??c v?? Ti???u M???n trong "Mi???ng anh ????o c???a Ph???m T??c, eo li???u c???a Ti???u M???n" c???a B???ch C?? D??? ?????u l?? k??? n??? c???a B???ch C?? D???. B???c tranh n???i ti???ng "????m y???n c???a H??n Hy T??i" c??ng c?? nhi???u ph??? n??? bi???u di???n ??m nh???c v?? v?? ?????o, c?? th??? l?? phi t???n c???a H??n Hy T??i.
C??c h???c gi??? v?? th????ng gia gi??u c?? th???i Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i c?? truy???n th???ng nu??i th?? thi???p.
Trinh n??? l?? nh???ng g??i m???i d??m ???????c nu??i trong c??c doanh tr???i qu??n ?????i. H??? ch??? y???u ???????c cung c???p cho c??c s?? quan c???p cao ????? mua vui v?? gi???i tr??, v?? cho binh l??nh c???p th???p th???a m??n ham mu???n t??nh d???c.
Trinh n??? ph???c v??? ba m???c ????ch: th??? nh???t, cho ph??p c??c s?? quan c???p cao th???a m??n nh???ng th?? vui xa hoa v?? ph??ng t??ng trong doanh tr???i; th??? hai, cho ph??p binh l??nh c???p th???p th???a m??n ham mu???n t??nh d???c, do ???? ng??n ch???n nh???ng t??c ?????ng ti??u c???c ?????n an ninh ?????a ph????ng v?? s??? l??y lan c???a c??c b???nh l??y truy???n qua ???????ng t??nh d???c; v?? th??? ba, thu nh???p t??? m???i d??m cung c???p th??m "ngu???n thu" cho qu??n ?????i.
C??c ghi ch??p v??? m???i d??m qu??n ?????i c?? t??? th???i Xu??n Thu (ch???ng h???n nh?? n??i ????? Ph??? ??? C??u Ti???n, vua Vi???t ???? ????? c???p ??? tr??n). S??? l?????ng m???i d??m ?????t ?????n ?????nh ??i???m v??o th???i nh?? ???????ng, khi c??c th???ng ?????c qu??n s??? n???m gi??? quy???n l???c l???n. Sau khi ?????a v??? qu??n s??? suy y???u v??o th???i nh?? T???ng, s??? l?????ng c???a h??? b???t ?????u gi???m d???n. Tuy nhi??n, phong t???c n??y v???n t???n t???i cho ?????n th???i hi???n ?????i, v?? ngay c??? ????i Loan c??ng duy tr?? ch??? ????? n??y trong m???t th???i gian. ?????c gi??? quan t??m c?? th??? xem b??? phim "Thi??n ???????ng Qu??n ?????i", k??? v??? h??? th???ng m???i d??m qu??n s??? do Qu???c D??n ?????ng th???c hi???n sau khi r??t lui v??? ????i Loan v?? cu???c s???ng c???a c??c nh??n v???t li??n quan.
Trinh n???
Trinh n??? l?? nh???ng nh?? th??? do ch??nh ph??? qu???n l??. Nh?? ???? ????? c???p tr?????c ????, v??? v?? con g??i c???a t???i ph???m, t?? binh v?? n?? l??? c??ng b??? b???t l??m n?? l??? v??o th???i c??? ?????i. Nh???ng ng?????i xu???t ch??ng nh???t trong s??? n??y c?? th??? tr??? th??nh g??i m???i d??m trong cung ??i???n, nh??ng ph???n l???n tr??? th??nh g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c. H??? cung c???p d???ch v??? t???i c??c nh?? th??? do ch??nh ph??? qu???n l??. T???t nhi??n, thu nh???p c???a nh?? th??? thu???c v??? ch??nh ph???.
Giao Ph????ng T??? (Giao Ph????ng T???) th???i nh?? ???????ng ch???u tr??ch nhi???m qu???n l?? c??c nh?? th??? ch??nh th???c. Theo ghi ch??p trong "????ng Kinh M???nh H??a L???" v?? "V?? L??m C???u S???", c??c nh?? th??? ch??nh th???c ch??? y???u ph???c v??? cho c??c ch???c s???c. Nh???ng g??i m???i d??m n???i ti???ng trong l???ch s???, ch???ng h???n nh?? L?? Thi Thi, l?? g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c. Ghi ch??p cho th???y g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c l??m vi???c v??o nh???ng ng??y c??? ?????nh, ch???ng h???n nh?? ng??y m??ng 5, 15, 25 h??ng th??ng, ho???c ng??y 10 h??ng th??ng. Khi kh??ch ?????n nh?? th???, kh??ch c?? th??? y??u c???u m???t g??i m???i d??m tr???c ban ??i c??ng. Vi???c n??y ???????c g???i l?? "ch??? hoa th???"; kh??ch c??ng c?? th??? tr???c ti???p y??u c???u ng?????i ph??? tr??ch (m??? k???) s???p x???p m???t t???m thi???p ng???u nhi??n. Ch??? ?????n ng??y 15 th??ng Gi??ng ??m l???ch, t???t c??? g??i m???i d??m m???i "??i l??m" c??ng nhau v?? ?????i hoa mai tr??n ?????u ????? thu h??t kh??ch h??ng b??n ngo??i nh?? th???. Tuy nhi??n, nh???ng g??i m???i d??m cao c???p n???i ti???ng s??? kh??ng ra ngo??i. Do ????, ng?????i ta ?????c t??nh r???ng c??ng ch??ng th???i ???? hi???m khi nh??n th???y nh???ng g??i m???i d??m n???i ti???ng nh?? L?? Thi Thi. T??? nh???ng ghi ch??p tr??n, ch??ng ta c?? th??? th???y r???ng v??o th???i ??i???m ????, g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c c?? ng??y ngh???, v?? g??i m???i d??m c??ng n???i ti???ng th?? c??ng c?? nhi???u ng??y ngh???. ??i???u n??y c??ng c?? th??? l?? do gi?? c???a m???i ????n h??ng cho g??i m???i d??m n???i ti???ng ????? cao, n??n h??? c?? nhi???u quy???n ngh??? ng??i h??n. Nh???ng g??i m???i d??m cao c???p kh??ng ch??? c?? quy???n ngh??? ng??i m?? c??n c?? quy???n l???a ch???n kh??ch h??ng c???a ri??ng m??nh v?? quy???n l???a ch???n b??n th??n hay ch??? b??n k??? n??ng m?? kh??ng b??n th??n. V?? v???y, qu?? tr??nh T???ng Giang g???p L?? Thi Thi trong "Th???y H???" ph???c t???p ?????n v???y. T??i ngh?? l?? do l?? v?? L?? Thi Thi ch??? l??m vi???c v??i ng??y, m?? d?? c?? l??m vi???c th?? ng?????i th?????ng c??ng hi???m khi th???y m???t. M???c d?? k??? n??? quan l???i ch??? y???u ph???c v??? quan l???i c???p cao, nh??ng gi???a tri???u Minh ???? c?? m???t th???i gian ng???n c???m quan l???i ?????n nh?? th??? v?? ??? l???i nh?? th???. ??i???u n??y xu???t ph??t t??? quan ??i???m c???a ki???m duy???t vi??n r???ng vi???c quan l???i lui t???i nh?? th??? kh??ng ch??? l??m ch???m tr??? c??ng vi???c m?? c??n nu??i d?????ng tham nh??ng. Tuy nhi??n, l???nh c???m n??y kh??ng k??o d??i l??u, ch??? c??n mang t??nh h??nh th???c. K???t qu??? l??, ?????n cu???i tri???u Minh, quan l???i ti???p x??c v???i k??? n??? kh??ng ch??? c??ng khai m?? ????i khi c??n tr??? th??nh huy???n tho???i. V?? d??? nh?? c??u chuy???n v??? ng?????i ph??? n??? t??i s???c L??u Nh?? Thi v?? Ti???n Thi??n D???c.
????? Ho??ng theo B??ch khoa m???.

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