Th?? kh??ng v???n th??? gi???i

TH?? KH??NG V???N TH??? GI???I
V?? TH?? V?? L???I - THI T???C VI???T NAM
????? Ho??ng
Th?? kh??ng v???n l?? th?? ???????c vi???t b???ng nh???ng d??ng th?? c?? v???n ??i???u ?????u ?????n nh??ng kh??ng c?? v???n , th?????ng l?? theo nh???p th?? iambic pentameter (nh???p th?? iambic n??m ??m ti???t). Th?? n??y ???????c m?? t??? l?? "c?? l??? l?? h??nh th???c ph??? bi???n v?? c?? ???nh h?????ng nh???t m?? th?? ti???ng Anh ???? c?? k??? t??? th??? k??? 16", v?? Paul Fussell ?????c t??nh r???ng "kho???ng ba ph???n t?? t???ng s??? th?? ti???ng Anh l?? th?? kh??ng v???n".
Ng?????i ?????u ti??n s??? d???ng th?? kh??ng v???n trong ti???ng Anh l?? Henry Howard, B?? t?????c Surrey trong b???n d???ch Aeneid c???a ??ng (s??ng t??c kho???ng n??m 1540 ; xu???t b???n sau khi ??ng m???t, 1554???1557. ??ng c?? th??? ???? l???y c???m h???ng t??? b???n g???c ti???ng Latin v?? th?? c??? ??i???n ti???ng Latin kh??ng s??? d???ng v???n ??i???u, ho???c c?? th??? ??ng ???? l???y c???m h???ng t??? th?? Hy L???p c??? ?????i ho???c d???ng th?? versi sciolti c???a ?? , c??? hai ?????u kh??ng s??? d???ng v???n ??i???u.
V??? k???ch Arden of Faversham (kho???ng n??m 1590 c???a m???t t??c gi??? v?? danh) l?? m???t v?? d??? ????ng ch?? ?? v??? th?? kh??ng v???n .
V??? k???ch Gorboduc c???a Thomas Norton v?? Thomas Sackville n??m 1561 l?? v??? k???ch ti???ng Anh ?????u ti??n s??? d???ng th??? th?? kh??ng v???n.
Christopher Marlowe l?? t??c gi??? ng?????i Anh ?????u ti??n ?????t ???????c danh ti???ng ph?? b??nh v?? s??? d???ng th?? kh??ng v???n.??? Nh???ng th??nh t???u ch??nh trong th?? kh??ng v???n ti???ng Anh ???????c th???c hi???n b???i William Shakespeare , ng?????i ???? vi???t ph???n l???n n???i dung c??c v??? k???ch c???a m??nh b???ng nh???p th?? iambic kh??ng v???n , v?? John Milton , ng?????i ???? vi???t Paradise Lost b???ng th?? kh??ng v???n. Th?? kh??ng v???n Milton ???? ???????c b???t ch?????c r???ng r??i v??o th??? k??? 18 b???i c??c nh?? th?? nh?? James Thomson (trong The Seasons ) v?? William Cowper (trong The Task ). C??c nh?? th?? Anh l??ng m???n nh?? William Wordsworth , Percy Bysshe Shelley v?? John Keats ???? s??? d???ng th?? kh??ng v???n nh?? m???t h??nh th???c ch??nh. Ngay sau ????, Alfred, Lord Tennyson ???? tr??? n??n ?????c bi???t t???n t???y v???i th?? kh??ng v???n, s??? d???ng n?? ch???ng h???n nh?? trong b??i th?? t??? s??? d??i " The Princess ", c??ng nh?? cho m???t trong nh???ng b??i th?? n???i ti???ng nh???t c???a ??ng: " Ulysses ". Trong s??? c??c nh?? th?? ng?????i M???, Hart Crane v?? Wallace Stevens n???i ti???ng v?? s??? d???ng th?? kh??ng v???n trong c??c s??ng t??c m??? r???ng v??o th???i ??i???m nhi???u nh?? th?? kh??c ??ang chuy???n sang th?? t??? do .
Marlowe v?? sau ???? l?? Shakespeare ???? ph??t tri???n ti???m n??ng c???a n?? r???t nhi???u v??o cu???i th??? k??? 16. Marlowe l?? ng?????i ?????u ti??n khai th??c ti???m n??ng c???a th?? kh??ng v???n ????? t???o n??n b??i ph??t bi???u m???nh m??? v?? s??u s???c:
???H???i nh???ng v?? sao ???? ng??? tr??? trong ng??y sinh c???a t??i,
Nh???ng v?? sao ???? g??y ra c??i ch???t v?? ?????a ng???c,
Gi??? h??y k??o Faustus l??n nh?? m???t l??n s????ng m??
V??o b??n trong nh???ng ????m m??y ??ang lao ?????ng kia,
????? khi ch??ng phun ra kh??ng trung,
T??? chi c???a t??i c?? th??? nh?? ra kh???i mi???ng kh??i c???a ch??ng,
????? linh h???n t??i c?? th??? bay l??n Thi??n ???????ng.
??? B??c s?? Faustus
Shakespeare ???? ph??t tri???n ?????c ??i???m n??y, c??ng nh?? ti???m n??ng c???a th?? kh??ng v???n cho l???i n??i ?????t ng???t v?? b???t quy t???c. V?? d???, trong cu???c trao ?????i n??y t??? Vua John , m???t d??ng th?? kh??ng v???n b??? ng???t gi???a hai nh??n v???t:
???Ch??a t??? c???a t??i????
??? Vua John
Shakespeare c??ng s??? d???ng k??? thu???t ng???t d??ng ng??y c??ng th?????ng xuy??n h??n trong th?? c???a m??nh, v?? trong nh???ng v??? k???ch cu???i c??ng c???a ??ng ???? s??? d???ng c??c ??m cu???i gi???ng c??i (trong ???? ??m ti???t cu???i c???a c??u kh??ng ???????c nh???n m???nh, v?? d??? nh?? d??ng 3 v?? 6 trong v?? d??? sau); t???t c??? nh???ng ??i???u n??y l??m cho th?? kh??ng v???n sau n??y c???a ??ng tr??? n??n v?? c??ng phong ph?? v?? ??a d???ng.
???H???i c??c y??u tinh c???a nh???ng ng???n ?????i, nh???ng con su???i, nh???ng h??? n?????c ?????ng v?? nh???ng l??m c??y,
V?? nh???ng k??? tr??n b??i c??t v???i b??n ch??n kh??ng d???u ch??n
??ang ??u???i theo th???n Neptune ??ang r??t lui, v?? xua ??u???i ng??i
Khi ng??i quay tr??? l???i; c??c ng????i l?? nh???ng con r???i n???a ng?????i n???a th??,
Nh??? ??nh tr??ng t???o n??n nh???ng l???n t??c xo??n xanh chua M??
con c???u c??i kh??ng c???n; v?? c??c ng????i c?? tr?? ti??u khi???n
L?? l??m n???m l??c n???a ????m, vui m???ng
Khi nghe l???nh gi???i nghi??m trang tr???ng; v???i s??? gi??p ????? c???a c??c ng????i,
M???c d?? c??c ng????i l?? nh???ng ch??? nh??n y???u ??u???i, Ta ???? l??m
t???i M???t tr???i gi???a tr??a, tri???u h???i nh???ng c??n gi?? n???i lo???n,
V?? gi???a bi???n xanh v?? v??m tr???i xanh ng???t
G??y ra chi???n tranh d??? d???i - tr?????c ti???ng s???m r???n ????ng s???
Ta ???? ban l???a, v?? r???ch c??y s???i ch???c kh???e c???a th???n Jove B???ng ch??nh
tia ch???p c???a m??nh;????????????..
??? B??o t??? ,
C??ch x??? l?? th?? kh??ng v???n r???t t??? do n??y ???? ???????c nh???ng ng?????i c??ng th???i v???i Shakespeare b???t ch?????c, v?? d???n ?????n s??? l???ng l???o v??? nh???p ??i???u chung trong tay nh???ng ng?????i d??ng ??t k??? n??ng h??n. Tuy nhi??n, th?? kh??ng v???n c???a Shakespeare ???? ???????c John Webster v?? Thomas Middleton s??? d???ng th??nh c??ng trong c??c v??? k???ch c???a h???. Trong khi ????, Ben Jonson ???? s??? d???ng th?? kh??ng v???n ch???t ch??? h??n v???i ??t ng???t d??ng h??n trong c??c v??? h??i k???ch Volpone v?? The Alchemist c???a ??ng .
Th?? kh??ng v???n kh??ng ???????c s??? d???ng nhi???u trong th?? phi k???ch c???a th??? k??? 17 cho ?????n Paradise Lost , trong ???? Milton s??? d???ng n?? m???t c??ch tho???i m??i. Milton ???? s??? d???ng t??nh linh ho???t c???a th?? kh??ng v???n, kh??? n??ng h??? tr??? s??? ph???c t???p v??? c?? ph??p c???a n??, ??? m???c t???i ??a, trong c??c ??o???n v??n nh?? sau:
???....V??o H??? n??o ng????i th???y
T??? ????? cao n??o r??i xu???ng, Ng?????i m???nh h??n ???? cung c???p r???t nhi???u
S???m s??t c???a Ng?????i: v?? cho ?????n l??c ????, ai bi???t
S???c m???nh c???a nh???ng V?? kh?? kh???ng khi???p ????? nh??ng kh??ng ph???i v?? nh???ng ??i???u ???? C??ng kh??ng
ph???i v?? nh???ng g?? Ng?????i chi???n th???ng quy???n n??ng trong c??n th???nh n??? c???a Ng?????i
C?? th??? g??y ra cho ta s??? h???i h???n ho???c thay ?????i,
M???c d?? ???? thay ?????i v??? h??o nho??ng b??n ngo??i; r???ng t??m tr?? c??? ?????nh
V?? s??? khinh mi???t cao ?????, t??? c???m gi??c c??ng tr???ng b??? t???n th????ng,
???? c??ng v???i nh???ng k??? m???nh nh???t n??ng ta l??n ????? ?????u tranh,
V?? mang theo
s???c m???nh v?? s??? c???a c??c Linh h???n ???????c trang b???
Nh???ng k??? d??m kh??ng th??ch s??? cai tr??? c???a Ng?????i, v?? ta th??ch h??n,
Quy???n n??ng t???i cao c???a Ng?????i v???i quy???n n??ng ?????i ngh???ch
Trong Tr???n chi???n ????ng ng??? tr??n ?????ng b???ng Thi??n ????ng,
V?? l??m rung chuy???n ngai v??ng c???a Ng?????i. M???c d?? chi???n tr?????ng ???? m???t?
Kh??ng ph???i t???t c??? ?????u m???t; ?? ch?? b???t khu???t,
V?? nghi??n c???u v??? s??? tr??? th??, l??ng c??m th?? b???t t???,
V?? l??ng d??ng c???m kh??ng bao gi??? khu???t ph???c ho???c ?????u h??ng:
??? Thi??n ???????ng ???? M???t ,
Milton c??ng vi???t Paradise Regained v?? m???t s??? ph???n c???a Samson Agonistes b???ng th?? kh??ng v???n. Trong th??? k??? sau Milton, c?? r???t ??t c??ch s??? d???ng th?? kh??ng v???n k???ch t??nh ho???c kh??ng k???ch t??nh; ????? ph?? h???p v???i mong mu???n v??? t??nh ?????u ?????n, h???u h???t th?? kh??ng v???n c???a th???i k??? n??y ?????u c?? ph???n c???ng nh???c. Nh???ng v?? d??? hay nh???t v??? th?? kh??ng v???n t??? th???i k??? n??y c?? l??? l?? bi k???ch All for Love c???a John Dryden v?? The Seasons c???a James Thomson . M???t v?? d??? ????ng ch?? ?? kh??ng ch??? v?? s??? th???t b???i c???a n?? v???i c??ng ch??ng m?? c??n v?? ???nh h?????ng ti???p theo c???a n?? ?????i v???i h??nh th???c n??y l?? The Fleece c???a John Dyer .
V??o cu???i th??? k??? 18, William Cowper ???? m??? ra m???t cu???c ?????i m???i cho th?? kh??ng v???n v???i t???p th?? chi??m nghi???m V???n hoa c???a ??ng, The Task , xu???t b???n n??m 1784. Sau Shakespeare v?? Milton, Cowper l?? ng?????i c?? ???nh h?????ng ch??nh ?????n c??c nh?? th?? l???n ti???p theo trong th?? kh??ng v???n, nh???ng thi???u ni??n khi Cowper xu???t b???n ki???t t??c c???a m??nh. ???? l?? c??c nh?? th?? v??ng H??? William Wordsworth v?? Samuel Taylor Coleridge . Wordsworth ???? s??? d???ng h??nh th???c n??y cho nhi???u t??c ph???m Lyrical Ballads (1798 v?? 1800) v?? cho nh???ng t??c ph???m d??i nh???t c???a ??ng, The Prelude v?? The Excursion . Th?? c???a Wordsworth l???y l???i ???????c m???t s??? n??t t??? do c???a Milton, nh??ng nh??n chung ?????u ?????n h??n nhi???u:
???N??m n??m ???? tr??i qua; n??m m??a h??, v???i chi???u d??i
C???a n??m m??a ????ng d??i! V?? m???t l???n n???a t??i nghe
Nh???ng d??ng n?????c n??y, ch???y t??? c??c su???i tr??n n??i
V???i ti???ng th?? th???m nh??? nh??ng trong ?????t li???n. ??? M???t l???n n???a
T??i l???i nh??n th???y nh???ng v??ch ???? d???ng ?????ng v?? cao ng???t n??y...???
??? Nh???ng d??ng ???????c vi???t c??ch Tu vi???n Tintern v??i d???m , d??ng 1???5
Th?? kh??ng v???n c???a Coleridge mang t??nh k??? thu???t h??n th?? c???a Wordsworth, nh??ng ??ng vi???t r???t ??t:
???V??ng, h??? ???? ??i r???i, v?? t??i ph???i ??? l???i ????y,
C??i ch??i c??y chanh n??y l?? nh?? t?? c???a t??i! T??i ???? m???t ??i
Nh???ng v??? ?????p v?? c???m x??c, nh???ng th??? s???
ng???t ng??o nh???t trong k?? ???c c???a t??i ngay c??? khi tu???i t??c
???? l??m m??? m???t t??i ?????n m???c m?? l??a! Trong khi ????, ch??ng...???
??? ??? C??y chanh n??y l?? nh?? t?? c???a t??i ???
Nh???ng b??i th?? ?????i tho???i c???a ??ng nh?? " The Eolian Harp " v?? " Frost at Midnight " l?? nh???ng t??c ph???m th?? kh??ng v???n n???i ti???ng nh???t c???a ??ng. Th?? kh??ng v???n c???a Keats trong Hyperion ch??? y???u ???????c m?? ph???ng theo th?? c???a Milton, nh??ng ??t t??? do h??n v???i nh???p th?? n??m ??m v?? s??? h???u ?????c ??i???m c???a th?? Keats. Th?? kh??ng v???n c???a Shelley trong The Cenci v?? Prometheus Unbound g???n v???i th???c h??nh c???a Elizabeth h??n l?? c???a Milton.
Trong s??? c??c nh?? v??n th???i Victoria vi???t th?? kh??ng v???n, n???i b???t nh???t l?? Tennyson v?? Robert Browning . Th?? kh??ng v???n c???a Tennyson trong c??c b??i th?? nh?? "Ulysses" v?? "The Princess" c?? nh???c t??nh v?? ?????u ?????n; l???i b??i h??t " Tears, Idle Tears " c???a ??ng c?? l??? l?? v?? d??? quan tr???ng ?????u ti??n v??? b??i th?? kh??? th?? kh??ng v???n. Th?? kh??ng v???n c???a Browning, trong c??c b??i th?? nh?? " Fra Lippo Lippi ", th?? ?????t ng???t v?? mang t??nh ?????i tho???i h??n. V??? opera n??m 1884 c???a Gilbert v?? Sullivan , Princess Ida , d???a tr??n "The Princess" c???a Tennyson. L???i tho???i c???a Gilbert ho??n to??n l?? th?? kh??ng v???n (m???c d?? 13 v??? opera kh??c c???a Savoy c?? l???i tho???i b???ng v??n xu??i). D?????i ????y l?? m???t ??o???n tr??ch do Princess Ida n??i sau khi h??t aria nh???p cu???c "Oh, goddess wise".
???Ph??? n??? c???a Adamant, nh???ng ng?????i m???i v??o ngh??? xinh ?????p???
Nh???ng ng?????i khao kh??t s??? ch??? d???y nh?? ch??ng t??i ????a ra,
H??y l???ng nghe, trong khi t??i m??? ra m???t c??u chuy???n ng??? ng??n.
Con voi m???nh h??n Con ng?????i,
Nh??ng Con ng?????i ch??? ng??? n??. T???i sao? Con voi
??? kh???p m???i n??i ?????u gi???ng voi tr??? n??i n??y (v??? tr??n)
V?? Con ng?????i, ng?????i c?? b??? n??o b???ng con voi
Nh?? b??? n??o c???a Ph??? n??? b???ng B??? n??o c???a ????n ??ng???(???? l?? quy t???c c???a ba),???
Chinh ph???c g?? kh???ng l??? ng???c ngh???ch c???a khu r???ng,
Khi Ph??? n???, ?????n l?????t m??nh, s??? chinh ph???c ????n ??ng.
Trong To??n h???c, Ph??? n??? d???n ?????u:
K??? h???c ????i h???p h??i v???n tin
R???ng hai c???ng hai b???ng b???n! T???i sao, ch??ng ta c?? th??? ch???ng minh,
Ch??ng ta l?? ph??? n??????nh???ng ng?????i l??m vi???c nh?? nh?? ch??ng ta???
R???ng hai c???ng hai b???ng n??m???ho???c ba???ho???c b???y;
Ho???c hai m????i l??m, n???u tr?????ng h???p ????i h???i!?????????
Th?? kh??ng v???n, v???i nhi???u m???c ????? ?????u ?????n kh??c nhau, ???? ???????c s??? d???ng kh?? th?????ng xuy??n trong su???t th??? k??? 20 trong th?? g???c v?? trong c??c b???n d???ch th?? t??? s???. H???u h???t c??c b??i th?? t??? s??? v?? th?? ?????i tho???i c???a Robert Frost ?????u l?? th?? kh??ng v???n; c??ng nh?? c??c b??i th?? kh??c nh?? " The Idea of Order at Key West " v?? " The Comedian as the Letter C " c???a Wallace Stevens , " The Second Coming " c???a WB Yeats , "The Watershed" c???a WH Auden v?? " Summoned by Bells " c???a John Betjeman . Kh??ng th??? li???t k?? ?????y ?????, v?? m???t lo???i th?? kh??ng v???n r???i r???c ???? tr??? th??nh m???t ph???n ch??nh c???a th?? tr??? t??nh, nh??ng c?? th??? n??i m???t c??ch an to??n r???ng ( t??? ng??? hoa m??? ) th?? kh??ng v???n hi???n ??ang n???i b???t nh?? b???t k??? th???i ??i???m n??o trong ba tr??m n??m qua.
B???ng ti???ng ?????c
Th?? kh??ng v???n c??ng ph??? bi???n trong v??n h???c ?????c . N?? ???????c Gotthold Ephraim Lessing s??? d???ng trong v??? bi k???ch Nathan der Weise ( Nathan the Wise ) n??m 1779, trong ???? c??c d??ng th?? d??i 10 ho???c 11 ??m ti???t:
???Ja, Daja; Gott sei Dank! Doch warum endlich?
Hab ich denn eher wiederkommen wollen?
B???n c?? mu???n bi???t kh??ng? Babylon
Ist von Jerusalem, wie ich den Weg,
Seitab h??i rechts, h??i li??n k???t, zu nehmen bin
Gen??tigt worden, gut zweihundert Meilen;
Und Schulden einkassieren, ist gewiss
Auch kein Gesch??ft, das merklich f??rdert, das
So von der Hand sich schlagen l??sst.Cha ??ng ta???
V???n hay kh??ng v???n
Posted on 18.02.2008 by admin
TH??, V???N HAY KH??NG V???N
???N???u kh??ng c?? th?? v???n, t???t c??? ch??ng ta ?????u l?? thi??n t??i???. Oscar Wilde kh???ng ?????nh nh?? th???. M???t kh???ng ?????nh kh??ng ph???i kh??ng nguy??n do, trong t??nh h??nh c??c ng?????i l??m th?? ph????ng T??y ?????u th??? k??? XX ????? x?? l??m th?? kh??ng v???n, k???ch li???t ch???ng ?????i th?? v???n.
1. B??i th?? ???Mouvement??? (Chuy???n ?????ng) trong t???p th??-v??n xu??i Illuminations c???a A. Rimbaud ???????c xem l?? b??i th?? ti???ng Ph??p ?????u ti??n c?? nh???ng c??u ng???n d??i kh??ng ?????ng ?????u v?? kh??ng v???n, ???nh h?????ng tr???c ti???p ?????n G. Apollinaire, nh?? th?? t??? do h??ng ?????u c???a Ph??p, ???? khai m??o cho Th?? T??? do ph????ng T??y. T??? ????, th?? kh??ng v???n n???y n??? v?? ph??t tri???n m???nh m???. T??? ?????u th??? k??? XX, th?? kh??ng v???n chi???m l??nh ??p ?????o thi ????n Ph??p.
??? M???, W. Whitman ???????c xem l?? nh?? c??ch m???ng, ????a th?? M??? v?????t qua th???m m??? th?? ??????ng th???i, trong ???? v???n l?? y???u t??? b??? tr??? kh??? ?????u ti??n. Ng n???i ti???ng v???i tr?????ng ca L?? c???.
Walt Whitman v?? Leaves of Grass (L?? c???)
Thi h??o Walt Whitman (1819-1892), ng?????i t???ng ???????c nh?? v??n Anh D. H. Lawrence x??ng t???ng l?? "nh?? th?? hi???n ?????i v?? ?????i nh???t" v?? "ng?????i M??? v?? ?????i nh???t". Walt Whitman l?? m???t nh?? th?? ?????i m???i, m???t nh?? d??n ch??? c???p ti???n v?? m???t nh??n c??ch l???ch s??? trong k??? nguy??n N???i chi???n v?? m??? r???ng l??nh th??? c???a Hoa K???.
Walt Whitman sinh ng??y 31/5/1819 t???i West Hills, Long Island, New York v?? l???n l??n ??? Brooklyn. R???i gia ????nh t??? n??m m?????i l??m tu???i, ??ng b?????c v??o ngh??? l??m b??o v?? ?????n n??m 1838 l???p ra t??? b??o c???a ri??ng m??nh. ??ng tr??? th??nh bi??n t???p vi??n c???a t??? nh???t tr??nh c?? l?????ng ph??t h??nh l???n nh???t th???i ???? l?? The Brooklyn Daily Eagle v??o n??m 1846. Nh?? v??n Herman Melville t???ng n??i r???ng chi???c t??u s??n c?? voi ????ng vai tr?? l?? ?????i h???c Harvard c???a ??ng, c??n tr?????ng ?????i h???c c???a Whitman l?? th??nh ph??? Brooklyn v?? ?????o Manhattan. Whitman y??u nh???c k???ch, l?? kh??ch th?????ng xuy??n ?????n c??c ph??ng tr??ng b??y v?? l?? m???t ?????c gi??? cu???ng nhi???t. Ba m????i l??m tu???i, Whitman ngh?? m??nh ng??y c??ng c?? t?? ch???t c???a m???t nh?? th??, v?? v??o th??ng 7/1855, l???n ?????u ti??n ??ng xu???t b???n Leaves of Grass (L?? c???), m???t t???p th?? nh??? g???m m?????i hai b??i kh??ng c?? ti??u ?????. M???c d?? m???t s??? nh?? ph?? b??nh coi t???p s??ch ch??? l?? tr?? ????a v?? nh???ng ng?????i kh??c c???m th???y b??? x??c ph???m b???i ng??n ng??? v?? ch??? ????? t??o b???o c???a n??, Leaves of Grass ???? thu h??t s??? ch?? ?? c???a m???t s??? tr?? tu??? v??n h???c l???n nh???t ??????ng th???i, trong ???? c?? Ralph Waldo Emerson.
T???p th?? Leaves of Grass (t???m d???ch: L?? c???), xu???t b???n l???n ?????u ti??n v??o n??m 1855, ???????c c??ng nh???n l?? m???t ki???t t??c v??n ch????ng c???a Walt Whitman. Su???t ?????i m??nh, Whitman ???? vi???t, vi???t l???i v?? th??m v??o ng??y c??ng nhi???u nh???ng b??i th?? trong t???p L?? c???. T??c gi??? ???? s???a ?????i v?? b??? sung n?? nhi???u l???n cho ?????n khi qua ?????i, t??? m???t t???p s??ch nh??? g???m 12 b??i th?? ?????n phi??n b???n cu???i c??ng l?? m???t tuy???n t???p ????? s??? h??n 400 b??i th??. T??c ph???m ???????c c??ng nh???n l?? ki???t t??c ????? ?????i n??y c???a Walt Whitman ???? ?????nh ngh??a ??ng l?? m???t trong nh???ng ti???ng n??i c?? ???nh h?????ng nh???t c???a n?????c M???. Ngh??? thu???t th?? c???a Walt Whitman l?? "s??? h???p nh???t c???a nh?? nguy???n, b??o ch?? v?? t???ng ca" trong m???t l??? h???i s???ng ?????ng c???a nh??n lo???i.
Song of Myself (t???m d???ch: B??i h??t c???a ch??nh t??i) l?? m???t tr?????ng ca (g???m 52 ??o???n) trong t???p th?? L?? c???. Whitman ???? t??i t???o thi ca M??? trong m??n ?????c di???n v?? song n??y, t??m ra nh???ng ng??? ??i???u d?????ng nh?? ho??n to??n c???a ri??ng ??ng nh??ng b???ng c??ch n??o ???? n???m b???t ???????c n??ng l?????ng v?? nh???p ??i???u c???a m???t qu???c gia tr??? trung ??ang th???c d???y v???i ti???ng n??i v?? t???m nh??n r???ng m??? c???a ch??nh m??nh.
"I celebrate myself, and sing myself,
And what I assume you shall assume,
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you."
T???m d???ch:
"T??i ca ng???i t??i, t??i h??t cho t??i
V?? nh???ng g?? t??i nh???n, b???n s??? nh???n
B???i m???i nguy??n t??? thu???c v??? t??i c??ng thu???c v??? b???n ????."
(tr??ch Song of Myself, trong t???p Leaves of Grass, ???n b???n n??m 1892).
M???t ???n b???n b??? t??i The Portable Walt Whitman, do Penguin Books xu???t b???n n??m 2004 t???i Hoa K???. S??ch do Gi??o s?? Michael Warner (?????i h???c Rutgers) bi??n t???p v?? vi???t l???i gi???i thi???u. ????y l?? m???t tuy???n t???p ch???n l???c t??? to??n b??? s??ng t??c th??, v??n xu??i v?? truy???n ng???n ???????c y??u th??ch nh???t c???a Whitman, bao g???m nh???ng b??i th?? trong ???n b???n ?????y ????? v?? cu???i c??ng c???a ??ng n??m 1891-1892, m???t s??? truy???n ng???n, c??c l???i t???a cho c??c phi??n b???n kh??c nhau c???a t???p th?? Leaves of Grass, v?? nhi???u t??c ph???m v??n xu??i ?????c s???c kh??c???
T???i Vi???t Nam, n??m 1981, NXB V??n H???c ???n h??nh tuy???n t???p L?? c??? qua b???n d???ch c???a d???ch gi??? V?? C???n v?? ????o Xu??n Qu??. N??m 2015, NXB H???i Nh?? V??n ???n h??nh b???n d???ch B??i h??t ch??nh t??i (in song ng??? Anh ??? Vi???t) do nh?? th?? ??? d???ch gi??? Ho??ng H??ng chuy???n ng???. Nh???n x??t v??? t???m quan tr???ng c???a cu???n s??ch n??y, d???ch gi??? Ho??ng H??ng ???? vi???t: ???Qua c??? ng??n c??u th?? v???a t??? th???c ?????n chi ti???t v???a ph??ng t?????ng ?????n k??? di???u, v???a k??? chuy???n v???a rao gi???ng lu???n b??n nhi???u m???t r???t ??a d???ng r???t kh??c bi???t th???m ch?? ?????i ngh???ch c???a ?????i s???ng v?? con ng?????i M??? ??? n???a tr?????c th??? k??? 19, thi??n s??? thi n??y mu???n tr??? l???i c??u h???i: L?? ng?????i M??? c?? ngh??a l?? g??? (What does it mean to be American?)???.
Walt Whitman l?? nh?? th?? M??? c?? s???c s??ng t???o v?? g??y ???nh h?????ng nh???t ??? th??? k??? XIX. Lu??n l?? m???t nh??n v???t quan tr???ng v?? g??y tranh c??i, Whitman ti???p t???c thu h??t s??? ng?????ng m??? c???a c??c nh?? th??, ngh??? s??, nh?? ph?? b??nh, nh?? ho???t ?????ng ch??nh tr??? v?? ?????c gi??? tr??n kh???p th??? gi???i trong cu???c ?????i tho???i v???i di s???n v??n ho?? phong ph?? c???a ??ng cho ?????n h??m nay.
?????? Nh???t, t??? n??m 1945, v???n ??i???u d??? d??i c???a nh???ng ??o???n ca, h??i c?? ???? b??? c??ng k??ch v?? kh?????c t???. ??? Trung Qu???c, ????i Loan c??c nh?? th?? hi???n ?????i ???? d???p b??? v???n ??i???u, ni??m lu???t x??a. C??c thi s?? ??? R???p, ???n ????? c??ng ???? ?????i m???i tri???t ????? c?? ??i???u v?? h??nh th???c trong s??ng t??c thi ca c???a h??????. Ch??n Ph????ng vi???t th???.
R???i ??ng ?????t v???n ?????: ???Truy???n th???ng ch??? c?? gi?? tr??? th???t khi ???????c tra c???u v?? ch???t v???n v???i ?? th???c v?? th???i ?????i ta ??ang s???ng. Khi v??n h???c to??n c???u, b???t k??? n?????c l???n hay nh???, ??ang chuy???n ?????ng m???nh trong s??? ti???p nh???n, h???c h???i l???n nhau ng??y c??ng nhi???u, ch???ng l??? c??c nh?? th?? Vi???t Nam l???i ??m m??i m???y g???c c??y ??a c???a v???n ??i???u th???i th?? v??n truy???n kh???u????
2. Ngu???n s???a nu??i d?????ng th?? Vi???t ch??nh l?? ca dao, ngh??a l?? v??n ch????ng truy???n kh???u. M?? v??n ch????ng truy???n kh???u kh??ng th??? ??i ch???ch kh???i v???n: d??? thu???c, d??? nh??? v??, d??? ng??m. Ti???p nh???n Th?? ???????ng c???a Trung Hoa, ta c??? v???y, cho t???n khi phong tr??o Th?? M???i xu???t hi???n. Nh??ng Th?? M???i, m???t bi???n th??i c???a ca dao, H??t n??i qua ???nh h?????ng c???a Tr?????ng L??ng m???n v?? Hi???n th???c Ph??p, d?? ???? l??m n??n cu???c c??ch m???ng trong th?? Vi???t, v???n kh??ng m???t l???n t??? b??? v???n.
?? h?????ng c???t ?????t th?? v???n ???????c Nguy???n ????nh Thi kh??i m??o v??o nh???ng n??m 50, ???? b??? ch???ng ?????i k???ch li???t, ????nh n???a ???????ng ?????t g??nh. N??? l???c n??y ch??? ?????t m???t v??i th??nh t???u hi???m hoi qua c??c thi s?? thu???c Nh??m Nh??n v??n-Giai ph???m ??? mi???n B???c v?? Nh??m S??ng t???o ??? mi???n Nam nh???ng n??m 60. Ch??ng ta th??? n??u v??i tr??ch d???n:
?????? cu???i ????m
em r?? t??c n??i nh???ng l???i m?? s???ng
nh???ng ??m hi???u
c???a m???t bi???n ??en kh??ng t??nh y??u tuy???t v???ng
anh x?? t??c em c??ng nh???ng c??nh l?? ch???t
m??a thu
g??y th????ng t??ch n??i c?????m tay
anh x?? ng?? em t??? ch??p ?????nh h???nh ph??c???
(Thanh T??m Tuy???n, ???????m???, T??i kh??ng c??n c?? ?????c)
???T??i nh??? kh??ng c??n g??
Kho???ng c??ch tr???n tru???ng v?? ngh??a
T??? gi???y tr???ng b???c g???n tr??i tim
n??t ch??? b??i l??n k??n c???
T??i nh??? kh??ng c??n g??
(Th?? Duy Thanh)
Th??? r???i t???t c??? ?????u tr??? l???i v???ch xu???t ph??t. D???u c??c s??ng t??c sau ???? c?? c??u ng???n d??i kh??ng ?????ng ?????u, s??? d???ng v???n bu??ng hay c??? khi t??? b??? v???n, th?? Vi???t v???n c??? b??? ??m ???nh b???i v???n.
N???n ???????c ?????t l??n s???m h??n m???i th??? k??? tr?????c
Nh???ng v???t r???n d????ng gian ch???m ch???m tr??n tr??n ?????y
??nh ho??ng h??n ??? ?????y b??nh minh linh ???n
D??ng ng???p nh???ng m??i nh??, nh???ng v??m c??y,
nh???ng ?????nh n??i u tr???m.
Kh??ng ph???i kh??ng l?? do khi c?? ng?????i cho ?????i b??? ph???n th?? hi???n ?????i Vi???t Nam ch??? d???ng l???i ??? d???ng Th?? M???i bi???n th??? (hay ph?? th???). Kh??ng h??n.Trong l??c ??? Ph??p, sau h??n m???t th??? k??? phi??u l??u (v?? g???t h??i kh??ng bi???t bao nhi??u l?? th??nh t???u) v???i th?? kh??ng v???n, c??c nh?? th?? tr??? hi???n nay ??ang quay tr??? l???i v???i th?? v???n!
3. May, th?? c???a c??c nh?? th?? d??n t???c thi???u s???, do b???t ngu???n t??? d??ng ch???y th???m m?? kh??c, ??t b??? thao t??ng/quy ?????nh b???i v???n. ??a s??? h??? d???ch t??? ti??ng d??n t??c???a h??? ra ti???ng Kinh. Ngo???i tr??? v??i nh?? th?? ti???p nh???n ngu???n th?? Vi???t, t??? ???? kh?? nhuy???n v???i c??c th??? th?? Vi???t nh??: Ho??ng V??n Th???, L????ng ?????nh, Mai Li???u, Y Ph????ng,??? C??n l???i, ??a ph???n ?????u s??ng t??c theo truy???n th???ng ???d??n t???c thi???u s??????. V??, r???t ??t v?????ng v??u b???i v???n. L?? Ng??n S???n c?? ???Ng?????i ?????p??? v?? c??c b??i th?? hay kh??c c???a anh.N??i chng cacs nh?? th?? dn t???c vi???t ???m y???u!
???C??y lim ?????ng nh?? m???t k??? ch??n ch??n d?????i ?????t
(Ch???t c??y lim b???t ch???p lo??i s??u m???t)
Ng???n v???u, b????ng u???n l?????n nh?? tua c??n tua kh??n
Th???m c??? non ????m xanh ng???n gi??
C??y d??t, c??y d???i v??n n???i nh?? s??ng cu???n m??y v???n
C??y ???? cu???i ng???y trang nh?? h??n cu???i
C??y t???u m???t qu???
C??y s???n v??? n???t ?? b??n c?????????
B?????c ?????p v???m v??? h??n. T??i th???y ??? d???t kho??t h??n
th??? gi???i v??? v???n v?? r??p l???i qua h??i th??? g???p
l???a h???p h???i.??ng b??? qu??ng ra kh???i v??ng l???a ??? m??nh ?????y th????ng t??ch
c??? th??? gi???i th????ng t??ch ??? ch??? n??? c?????i v???n nguy??n
ni???m vui v???n nguy??n
tri???u tri???u gi???t n?????c bay v??? gi???p t???t tia l???a s???ng s??t
toan g?????ng d???y l???n cu???i c??ng
gi???p t???t kh??? s???, th???t v???ng tr??n nh???ng khu??n m???t. T??i th???y.
??? b??n kia ni???m vui
S??? ch???u ?????ng v???n nguy??n h??? l???i b???t ?????u b??n r???.
4. T???i sao v???n c?? m???t v?? b??m tr??? d??i d???c th??? trong th?? Vi???t? Truy???n th???ng ca dao, th?? ???????ng lu???t, Th?? M???i quy ?????nh l??? th??i s??ng t??c v?? th?????ng th???c c???a ch??ng ta. Ng?????i vi???t b??? quy ?????nh ???? ????nh, tr???m tr???ng h??n c??? l?? v???n t???n t???i dai d???ng trong vi???c c???m nh???n th?? c???a ng?????i ?????c. C??i m???i xu???t hi???n ch???ng nh???ng kh??ng ???????c ????n nh???n m?? c??n b??? d??? ngh???, d??? ???ng r???i b??? t???y chay. V??? ??n th?? kh??ng v???n ??? tr?????ng h???p Nguy???n ????nh Thi l?? m???t v?? d???.
????nh r???ng t??m l?? chung c???a ng?????i ?????c l?? ??t ch???u ch???p nh???n ngay t???c th???i c??i m???i khi n?? xu???t hi???n. ??? ????u c??ng v???y, nh??ng t???i Vi???t Nam, do truy???n th???ng v??n h??a v??n ch????ng, n??n n?? c??ng b??? c??? tuy???t quy???t li???t h??n. V??, tr?????c th??i ????? kh??ng thi???n ch?? c???a ng?????i ?????c, c??? ng?????i ?????c ???????c cho l?? ??u t?? nh?? c??c nh?? ph?? b??nh ch???ng h???n, k??? s??ng t??c c??ng r???t d??? m???t h???ng th?? trong phi??u l??u s??ng t???o. H??? qu???: th?? v???n m??i c?? m???t!
Nh??ng c?? ph???i b???i v???n m?? n???n th?? Vi???t kh??ng l???n?
Theo thi???n ??, v???n kh??ng l?? m???t t???i ph???m khi???n th?? b??? nh??m. V???n hay m???t th??? th?? n??o b???t k?? lu??n ph??t tri???n theo chu k??: t??m t??i ??? ho??n ch???nh v?? ???n ?????nh ??? phi??u l??u ph?? gi???i ??? r???i tr??? l???i t??m t??i ????? ???n ?????nh. H??nh tr??nh t??? Th?? C??? phong Trung qu???c ?????n tr?????c th???i ???????ng, sang S?? ???????ng m??y m?? r???i m???i ?????t t???i lu???t t???c ???n ?????nh v?? nghi??m ng???t c???a Th???nh ???????ng, ????? sau ???? l???i ti???p t???c??? ph?? th??? (v?? nh?? b??i ???Ho??ng H???c l??u??? th???i S?? ???????ng, d???u hay ?????n ????u nh??ng x??t v??? lu???t th??, n?? c??ng ch??a th???t ch???t ch??? nh?? chu???n m???c ????i h???i c???a th?? ???????ng).
Andr?? Gide n??i: ???Ngh??? thu???t s???ng nh??? lu???t t???c, v?? ch???t v?? bu??ng th??????. S??? ???bu??ng th?????? c???a c??c nh?? th?? ph????ng T??y th???i gian qua ???? g??y d??? ???ng n??i ng?????i th?????ng th???c. H??? t???y chay th??, t??? ???? th?? ????nh m???t ng?????i ?????c: c??c nh?? th?? quay l???i ?????c c???a nhau, hay ch??? ?????c ch??nh th?? m??nh! H??nh th??nh th??? t??m l?? t??? y??u nguy hi???m. Kh???ng ho???ng th?? ??ang k?? b??o ?????ng ????y ????, l?? th???c. C??? ??? Vi???t Nam. Th?? kh??ng v???n Vi???t ch??a ph??t tri???n ?????n ?????u ?????n ????a, nh??ng c??ng ???? c?? d???u hi???u c???a bu??ng th???.
5. L???i may! Th?? d??n t???c thi???u s??? kh??ng b??? d??nh v??o tr??o l??u c??ch t??n ???y. Nh??ng kh??ng ph???i v?? th??? m?? th?? ch??ng ta thi???u nh???m, nh??m v?? kh??ng tr??nh nguy c?? b??? l???nh nh???t. S??ng t??c b???ng ti???ng Vi???t, l???p l???i truy???n th???ng v???n Vi???t l?? ??i???u th???m nguy: ch??ng ta r??i t??m v??o l???i m??n m?? kh??ng hay! C??n theo h???c tr??ng tr??ng c??c tr??o l??u th?? ph????ng T??y, ch??ng ta m??i m??i l?? h???c tr?? ?????ng cu???i l???p.
Nh?? v???y, ???s??? thay ?????i h???n th????? hay ???m???t tinh th???n m???i cho th????? c?? vai tr?? quy???t ?????nh c??i hay v?? c??i m???i ???l???n??? c???a th??, ch??? kh??ng ph???i v???n hay lu???t t???c c???a m???t th??? th?? n??o ????: t??? l???c b??t, t??m ch???, Th?? M???i ph?? th??? hay c??? Th?? T??? do. V???n, nguy c?? ????nh l???a ng?????i ?????c d??? t??nh r???ng nh?? th??? m???i l?? th??. Nh?? th?? d??? l??m v???n: ch???ng n??? l???c g?? c??? nh??ng ch??ng ta v???n ???ho??n th??nh??? m???t b??i th?? c?? v???n: ta quay l???i t??? ????nh l???a. V?? th?? c??? d???m ch??n t???i ch???!
V???n hay kh??ng v???n, kh??ng h??? g?? c???, quan tr???ng l?? tinh th???n m???i. Tinh th???n m???i ?????t tr??n n???n ?????t v???ng ch???c c???a v??n h??a, suy t?? n???n t???ng qua ti???p nh???n lu???ng gi?? t??? tr??m ph????ng th???i t???i b???ng nh???y c???m b???t nh???p cu???c s???ng hi???n ?????i. L??m th??nh nh???p ??i???u c???a t??m h???n ng?????i thi s??.
Ch??nh nh???p ??i???u n??y quy???t ?????nh v???n hay kh??ng v???n c???a m???t b??i th??, th???m ch?? m???t ??o???n/c??u th??. Nh???p ??i???u t??y thu???c v??o ???mi???n dao ?????ng v?? rung ?????ng???
H???n b???n ?????c v?? nh???ng ng?????i l??m th??, y??u th?? ???? t???ng (h??n m???t l???n) ?????c m???t, hai, ba b??i th?? si??u th???c, th?? c??ch t??n, th?? dung t???c v?? ???? c???m nh???n ???????c ???c??i hay, c??i ?????p??? c???a n?? nh?? th??? n??o so v???i lo???i th?? v???n trong Truy???n Ki???u, trong Cung o??n Ng??m kh??c, trong th?? c???a V?? Ho??ng Ch????ng, c???a Xu??n Di???u...
L??u nay ng?????i ta ???? b??n lu???n nhi???u ?????n Th?? V???n v?? th?? kh??ng v???n, m???t ????? t??i ???? ???x??a nh?? tr??i ?????t???, nh??ng xem ra v???n lu??n lu??n m???i, b???i b??? m??n Th?? l?? m???t ph???n c???a ?????i s???ng tinh th???n trong sinh h???at v??n h???c ngh??? thu???t c???a nh??n lo???i. ??? Ph??p v??o th???i vua Louis 14 ???? c?? nh???ng thi ????n do c??c nh?? qu?? t???c l???p ra ????? gi???i tr?? th???c l???ch duy???t, ???????c nh?? vua n??? tr???ng h???p nhau nghe th??, b??n lu???n v??? th?? v?? ????? ????nh gi?? m?? th???a nh???n danh x??ng thi s?? cho nh???ng ng?????i x???ng ????ng. ??? Trung Hoa, v??o th???i th???nh ???????ng, nhi???u nh?? th?? kh??ng ch???p nh???n nh???ng r??ng bu???c c???a Kh???ng gi??o nh?? ????o Ti???m, L?? B???ch, ????? Ph???, B???ch C?? D???, M???nh H???o Nhi??n... ???? ????? l???i h??ng ng??n b??i th?? cho gia t??i v??n h???c Trung Qu???c.
???? l?? lo???i th?? v???n m?? v??n h???c Vi???t Nam coi nh?? k??? th???a ???? m???y ngh??n n??m. Ch??ng ta kh??ng bao gi??? ch???p nh???n s??? ???k??? th???a??? n??y, v?? v???y Th?? ???????ng ???? b??? tr??o l??u th?? M???i ?????y l??i v??o b??ng m??? c???a d?? v??ng. Ho??i Thanh ???? g???i ???? l?? ???m???t cu???c c??ch m???ng thi ca (???? nh??m d???y v??o th??ng 3 -1932) ???.
V??n h???c, thi ca c??ng nh?? khoa h???c lu??n lu??n ????i h???i con ng?????i ??i t??m c??i m???i, c??i hay, c??i ho??n m???, ho??n thi???n h??n. Ng?????i ta th???y s??? thay th??? v??? tr?? c???a th?? - t??? c?? sang m???i - sau th???i k??? T??? L???c V??n ??o??n cho ?????n th???i k??? v??n h???c mi???n Nam (1954-1975), nh??ng d?? l?? c?? hay m???i th?? th?? v???n l?? th?? v???n, v???i ?????y ????? t??nh nghi??m ch???nh c???a v???n ??i???u, c???a nh???c t??nh, c???a thi t??? v?? thi ng???.
Th???i k??? th??ng hoa c???a th?? Vi???t c?? l??? ph???i k??? l?? v??o th???i k??? n??y v???i Thi V??n Tao ????n, v???i c??c gi???i th?? to??n qu???c. Ngay c??? m???t s??? nh?? th?? ??? mi???n B???c sau th???i k??? th?? m???i nh?? Ho??ng C???m v???i B??n Kia s??ng ??u???ng, H???u Loan v???i M??u T??m Hoa Sim, v?? c??c nh?? th?? kh??c trong Nh??n V??n, Giai Ph???m ?????u l?? nh???ng nh?? th?? m???i, ?????u c?? l??m nh???ng b??i th?? ph?? th???, th?? t??? do nh??ng nh???c t??nh v?? v???n ??i???u v???n r???t ho??n ch???nh, v???n c?? th??? ?????c, c?? th??? ng??m ????? m?? c???m nh???n, m?? th?????ng th???c.
C??ng l??c v???i Th?? M???i chi???m l??nh v??? tr?? trong th?? Vi???t, th?? m???i ???gi??nh ???????c quy???n s???ng???; th?? c?? ???m???t quy???n s???ng??? trong l??ng th??, c??ng l?? l??c c?? nh???ng ng?????i ph???ng theo th?? Ph??p l??m th?? t??? do, th?? ph?? th???, th?? kh??ng v???n, nh??ng kh??ng ph??? bi???n nhi???u, kh??ng l???n l??n ???????c, v?? kh??ng th??? t???n t???i. M??i ?????n sau n??m 1954, sau cu???c di c?? c???a g???n m???t tri???u ng?????i t??? B???c v??o Nam, Thanh T??m Tuy???n l?? ng?????i ch??? tr????ng khuynh h?????ng s??ng t??c th?? t??? do, ???????c nh??m S??ng T???o h?????ng ???ng v?? c??? v??. T??? ???? cho t???i nay, sau h??n n???a th??? k??? th?? t??? do c???a Thanh T??m Tuy???n v???n l??... c???a Thanh T??m Tuy???n, ch??a bao gi??? nh??n r???ng ra th??nh m???t tr?????ng ph??i c?? t??c ph???m h???n h??i. Ng?????i ta th???a nh???n c??i c??ng c???a Thanh T??m Tuy???n h?? h??o cho khuynh h?????ng th?? t??? do, nh??ng kh??ng ai th???a nh???n c??i th??nh c??ng c???a khuynh h?????ng n??y.
Nh?? th?? H?? th?????ng Nh??n, m???t nh?? th?? k??? c???u trong l??ng th?? mi???n Nam, c?? l???n cho ch??ng t??i bi???t, trong m???t l???n ??ng ???????c m???i v??o Ban gi??m kh???o ch???m thi m???t gi???i th?? to??n qu???c (VNCH), khi bi???t trong s??? c??c t??c gi??? ???????c ????? ngh??? c?? Thanh T??m Tuy???n, ??ng ???? n??i v???i V?? Ho??ng Ch????ng v?? Cao Ti??u xin t??? ch???i v??o Ban Gi??m Kh???o.
Ch??ng ta bi???t ??? h???i ngo???i v?? c??? trong n?????c hi???n nay th?? ???? l???m ph??t ?????n m???c b??o ?????ng, nh??ng th???c ra ch???ng h??? h???n g??. ??t n??m tr?????c th???i k??? th?? m???i, t??? ???????ng Ph??p??? ??? H?? N???i m??? cu???c thi th?? ???? c?? ?????n 1.500 ng?????i d??? thi. H???i ???? Ho??i Thanh ???? t??? h???i: ???n?????c ta c?? bao nhi??u thi s??? 40 ng??n hay 400 ng??n? v?? ??ng cho bi???t 4.000 ng?????i c?? th?? ????ng b??o, in s??ch nh??ng c?? ch???ng 40 ng?????i c?? th?? ????a v??o ???Thi Nh??n Vi???t Nam???. S??? 4.000 hay 40 ng??n hay 400 ng??n ng?????i l??m th?? th???i ???? ?????n nay kh??ng ai bi???t t??n tu???i h??? (ngo???i tr??? m???t s??? trong ???Thi nh??n Vi???t Nam???). V?? trong con s??? 40 ng?????i ???? cho t???i nay c??ng ch??? m???t s??? ??t ng?????i ??i v??o v??n h???c, ?????m ???????c ?????u ng??n tay, ???????c ng?????i ?????i nh???c ?????n.
S??? s??ng l???c, ????o th???i c???a th???i gian v?? c??ng lu???n, c???a ng?????i ?????c l?? m???t ???c??n c??n c??ng l????? v?? t?? nh???t.
M???t ??o???n kh??c trong b??i b??o:
????????c th?? ??? ????y, ng?????i ta s??? kinh ho??ng ch???t nh???n ra th??? gi???i th?? t??? 1975 cho ?????n tr?????c ????, n??m 1954, ???? b??? x??a tr???ng m???t c??ch oan u???ng.???
Th???t t??nh, t??i kh??ng hi???u ?? c???a t??c gi??? b??i b??o mu???n n??i g?? v??? nh???n ?????nh n??y.
???Th??? gi???i th?? t??? 1975 cho ?????n tr?????c ????, n??m 1954??? m?? gi???i ph?? b??nh n??i ?????n l?? th??? gi???i nh???ng g??? Theo s??? hi???u bi???t th?? thi???n c???a t??i th?? ???th??? gi???i th????? t??? n??m 1954 ?????n 1975 l?? m???t ???th??? gi???i??? th?? c???a hai ba th??? h??? ng?????i l??m th?? B???c (di c??) Trung, Nam, phong ph?? v?? ??a d???ng c??? v??? n???i dung t?? t?????ng ?????n h??nh th???c. N??i ?????n ???th??? gi???i th????? mi???n Nam l?? n??i ?????n Thi V??n Tao ????n, ?????n c??c gi???i thi th?? to??n qu???c, ?????n c??c thi v??n ??o??n v?? kh??ng th??? kh??ng n??i ?????n nh???ng t??n tu???i nh?? Qu??ch T???n, ?? Nam Tr???n Tu???n Kh???i (th?? ???????ng), V?? Ho??ng Ch????ng, ??inh H??ng, T??? K??, B??i Gi??ng, T?? Th??y Y??n, H?? Th?????ng Nh??n, Tr???n Tu???n Ki???t, Tr???n D??? T???, Nh?? Ca, Di??n Ngh???, Tu??? Nga, Qu??? H????ng... Th?? t??? do (Thi t???c) c?? Thanh T??m Tuy???n, Tr???n Thanh Hi???p...
Sau 75 ???th??? gi???i th????? ???? ???? b??? ch??? ????? XHCN v???i v??n h??a Mac-xit x??a tr???ng m???t c??ch kh??ng th????ng ti???c ??? trong n?????c. V?? Ho??ng Ch????ng ra kh???i t??, m???y ng??y sau qua ?????i. T??? K?? ch???t b???i ch???t b???, H??? ??i???p ch???t tr??n ???????ng v?????t bi??n. T??c ph???m c???a h??? b??? cho l?? s???n ph???m v??n h??a ?????i tr???y, b??? c???m ?????c, c???m l??u truy???n, c???m l??u tr???... ???? m???i ch??nh l?? s??? x??a tr???ng ????ng kinh ho??ng, ch??? ??? h???i ngo???i ng?????i ta v???n tr??n tr???ng, v???n ?????c v?? v???n k??? t???c trong s??ng t??c, trong l??u h??nh, v?? ph??? bi???n.
C?? ph???i c??i ???x??a tr???ng??? m?? t??c gi??? b??i b??o mu???n n??i l?? t??? sau 75, ra h???i ngo???i, v?? ri??ng t???i San Jose kh??ng ai n???i nghi???p Thanh T??m Tuy???n, kh??ng ph??t ?????ng tr??o l??u s??ng t??c th?? v??n xu??i, th?? t??? do, th?? kh??ng v???n? M???t ?? ni???m r???t ????n gi???n m?? ph??? qu??t ???? c?? t??? xa x??a l?? khi n??i ?????n th?? l?? n??i ?????n v???n ??i???u. T??? x??a nay, m???t c??u n??i, m???t ??o???n vi???t m?? kh??ng c?? v???n c?? ??i???u th?? kh??ng ai g???i l?? th??.
Tu??n T??? trong thi??n Nho Hi???u ???? ph??n bi???t Thi (l?? th??) v???i Th?? (l?? v??n xu??i). V???i s??? ph??n ?????nh r???ch r??i ????, trong v??n h???c c??? Trung Hoa c?? hai b??? s??ch - Kinh Thi v?? Kinh Th??.
M???t s??? ng?????i ng??y nay ho???c do kh??ng ph??n bi???t ???????c, ho???c do qu?? d??? d??i, th?????ng n??i ???vi???t th?? cho gia ????nh???, ?????i l???y th?? ??? b??u ??i???n???, thay v?? n??i vi???t th??, ??i l???y th??... nh??ng m???t ng?????i hi???u bi???t b??nh th?????ng kh??ng ai l???m l???n gi???a th?? v?? th??; gi???a v??n xu??i v?? v??n v???n.
Nh?? m???t nguy??n t???c b???t di b???t d???ch, t??? l??u ?????i: Th?? kh??ng ph???i v?? kh??ng th??? l?? v??n xu??i; Th?? kh??ng ph???i v?? kh??ng th??? l?? v??n v???n. Nay khuynh h?????ng th?? c??ch t??n, th?? si??u th???c, th?? dung t???c mu???n l??m m???t cu???c ???c??ch m???ng??? thi ca b???ng c??ch t???o ra m???t lo???i th?? t???i ngh??a, kh??ng v???n, kh??ng ??i???u, m???t m??? ch??? ngh??a x?? b???n, thanh ??t t???c nhi???u, nh???m bi???u l??? ho???c ????? th???a m??n t??nh l???p d???, khoa tr????ng ki???n th???c, ??em ch??? ngh??a ra th??ch ????? ng?????i ?????c, m?? c?? khi ch??nh ng?????i l??m ra b??i th?? ???? c??ng kh??ng hi???u m??nh mu???n n??i g??.
B???ch C?? D??? c???a Trung Hoa c??ch ????y h??n 1.100 n??m l??c l??m xong m???t b??i th??, ?????c cho ng?????i v?? gi?? nghe r???i h???i: ???C?? hi???u kh??ng????. N???u ????p ???hi???u??? th?? ??ng m???i ch??p l???i (b???ng kh??ng th?? v???t b???).
Xin qu?? v??? nh?? th?? c??ch t??n tr?????c khi ?????p ????? c??i c?? (th?? v???n) h??y t??? trong c??i c?? b?????c ra, ??t n???a ph???i l?? m???t ng?????i ???? t???ng s??nh s???i th?? v???n v?? h??y ch??? ra cho m???i ng?????i bi???t v?? hi???u ???????c c??i hay c??i d??? c???a c??i v???n v?? c??i kh??ng v???n.
Tr??ch d???n l???i n??i c???a nh?? v??n Ba Lan Witold Gombrowicz ???v??n ch????ng kh??ng ph???i l?? m???t x?? nghi???p, c??ng kh??ng ph???i l?? m???t s???n ph???m x?? nghi???p???, b??i b??o vi???t ti???p ???Kh??ng ph???i m???i th??? ???????c in ra ?????u l?? tuy???t ph???m???, v?? tr?????c ???? ??ng vi???t: ???T??? l??u l???m t??i m???i ???????c ?????c m???t t???p th?? nh?? C??TGBBNEC (C???m ??n th??ng gi??ng bi??ng bi???c ng???c em c?????i)???.
?? ki???n n??y c???a t??c gi??? b??i b??o cho ng?????i ta c???m t?????ng t???p th?? c???a H???i Ph????ng kh??ng l?? tuy???t ph???m th?? c??ng l?? m???t thi t???p v?????t l??n tr??n t???t c??? nh???ng t???p th?? kh??c, ???t??? l??u l???m???.
T??i ho??n to??n kh??ng c?? ??c c???m n??o v???i c?? nh??n c??c ???nh?? th?? c??ch t??n, si??u th???c???, c??ng mong qu?? v??? th???c hi???n th??nh c??ng cu???c ???c??ch m???ng thi ca??? m?? qu?? v??? ch??? tr????ng. Ri??ng lo???i th?? dung t???c th?? xung quanh t??i r???t nhi???u ng?????i t??? ra ng???i ng??ng khi li???c m???t t???i lo???i th?? tr???n tru???ng gi??? hi???u n??y. D?? lu???n chung cho r???ng c??ng ch??? v?? mu???n mua ch??t danh b???ng t??nh l???p d???, kh??ng gi???ng ai, m???t s??? ng?????i ???? t???o ra m???t lo???i ???d??m th????? qua th??, m???t c??ch b???nh ho???n. T??i g???i ???? l?? lo???i th?? tr???n tru???ng gi??? hi???u, b???i v?? t??i tin m???t c??ch ch???c ch???n r???ng qu?? v??? ???nh?? th?? dung t???c??? ???y ch??? b??y bi???n ch??? ngh??a tr???n tru???ng l??n gi???y, nh??ng kh??ng bao gi??? d??m b??y nh???ng th??? ???? tr?????c m???t gia ????nh, con c??i, th??n nh??n, ng?????i quen k??? l???... Ch??? khi n??o qu?? v??? ???y tr??t b??? h???t y ph???c, b??y m???i th???... ra tr?????c thi??n h??? nh?? qu?? v??? ???? vi???t ra tr??n gi???y th?? b???y gi??? lo???i th?? kia m???i c?? ???c???u ch???ng??? (v???i t??c gi??? c???a n??).
Th??? h???i n???u gia t??i thi ca Vi???t Nam t??? Cung O??n Ng??m kh??c, r???i Chinh Ph??? ng??m kh??c ?????n Truy???n Ki???u, sang t???i thi ca th??? k??? 19 cho ?????n t???n th???i k??? th?? M???i c???a T??? L???c V??n ??o??n v?? ???th??? gi???i th?? mi???n Nam??? m?? t???t t???t ?????u l?? ???th?? c??ch t??n???, th?? ???t??n h??nh th???c???, th?? si??u th???c th?? v??n h???c Vi???t Nam ng??y nay s??? ra sao? V?? n???u h??m nay th?? si??u th???c thay th??? to??n b??? th?? ???v???n ??i???u nghi??m ch???nh??? th?? c??c th??? h??? sau n??y l??m th??? n??o ????? t??m hi???u, nghi??n c???u, h???c h???i? Hay ?????n l??c b???y gi??? t???t c??? m???i ng?????i ?????u ???? tr??? th??nh nh???ng ???si??u nh??n???, c?? th??? ?????c v?? hi???u ???????c th??? ng??n ng??? th???n ch??, huy???n b??, hi???m h??c ???y! Gi??? d??? v??? khai qu???c c??ng th???n L?? Th?????ng Ki???t l??m b???n c??u t??? tuy???t ???Nam qu???c s??n h?? Nam ????? c??...??? b???ng lo???i th?? c??ch t??n si??u th???c th?? ???? c?? ???????c t??c d???ng g?? v???i l??ng d??n, v???i tri???u ????nh nh?? H??n, v?? c??n t???n t???i ?????n ng??y nay kh??ng?
C?? th??? l?? qu?? ????ng, trong khi t??c gi??? b??i b??o h???t l???i t??n t???ng t???p th?? ???si??u th???c??? c?? t??n ???C??m ??n th??ng gi??ng bi??ng bi???c ng???c em c?????i??? c???a H???i Ph????ng th?? ??ng l???i n???ng l???i v???i nh???ng ng?????i l??m th?? kh??c ??? San Jos?? m???t c??ch qua ????ng: ???Nhi???u ng?????i kh??c ??? ????y (San Jose) c??ng m??c gan ru???t ra tuy??n b??? t????ng t??? nh?? m???t nh??n hi???u c???u ch???ng cho nh???ng g?? ph??t xu???t t??? 1954 cho ?????n 1975 m???i l?? ch??nh hi???u???.
???K??? th???a l?? chuy???n d??? n??i h??n d??? l??m trong v??n ch????ng nh???m m???t v?? b???t m???t. Th??? gi???i th?? ??? San Jose ???? kh??ng ti???p n???i tr??o l??u s??ng t??c th?? ??a d???ng ??? mi???n Nam tr?????c 1975. ?????c th?? ??? ????y, ng?????i ta s??? kinh ho??ng ch???t nh???n ra th??? gi???i th?? t??? 1975 cho ?????n tr?????c ????, n??m 1954, ???? b??? x??a tr???ng m???t c??ch oan u???ng???.
Kh??ng ai c?? quy???n b???t bu???c m???t ng?????i kh??c th??ch c??i n??y hay kh??ng th??ch c??i kia. M???t b???c tranh ?????i ng?????i n??y cho l?? ?????p, ng?????i kia ph?? b??nh l?? x???u. M???t b??i th?? ng?????i n??y khen hay, ng?????i kh??c ch?? d???; m???t thi???u n??? ??i ngang qua, ng?????i n??y khen l?? ?????p, duy??n d??ng, ng?????i kia cho l?? ???th?????ng???.
C??ng v???y, m??t ng?????i c?? th??? c???m kho??i v???i lo???i tranh l???p th???, tr???u t?????ng, nh??ng xin ?????ng quay sang ch??? tr??ch tr?????ng ph??i ???c??? ??i???n??? m?? cho r???ng (v?? d???): ???San Jose l??u nay ???? tr??? th??nh m???t x?? nghi???p tranh v???, ???????c l???p r??p c???nh tr?? v???i ch??n dung nghi??m ch???nh, d??ng s??n m??u v?? c??? ????a l??n khung v???i...???. Nh?? th??? c?? ???n kh??ng?
Theo t??i, ranh gi???i gi???a c??c tr?????ng ph??i ngh??? thu???t c??ng nh?? gi???a th?? si??u th???c v?? th?? v???n c?? hai d???ng th??i r?? r???t.(C?? tham kh???o ng?????i vi???t tr??n m???ng)???(c??n n???a)
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Nh?? th?? ????? Ho??ng