D???p m???i dam th???i x??a - Trung Hoa.

Ti???t l??? b?? m???t v??? Chi???n d???ch Ch???ng Khi??u d??m th???i Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i
Khang Hy ra l???nh ch??m ?????u nh???ng k??? c???m ?????u
Ph????ng L??u,
Vi???c tr???n ??p v?? c???m ??o??n m???i d??m hi???n nay th?????ng ???????c g???i l?? "ch???ng khi??u d??m". V???y, chi???n d???ch n??y ???????c th???c hi???n nh?? th??? n??o ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i?
V??o th???i Xu??n Thu n??m 645 TCN, m???t nh??m g??i m???i d??m n???i l??n ??? n?????c T???. Qu???n Tr???ng, khi ???? l?? m???t quan ch???c c???p cao, ???? th??nh l???p "N???i L???c" (N???i L???) trong cung ??i???n c???a T??? Ho??n C??ng, n??i c?? t???i 700 g??i m???i d??m c??ng m???t l??c. N???i L???c, c??n ???????c g???i l?? "N??? L???c", l?? nh???ng nh?? th??? do tri???u ????nh qu???n l??, ra ?????i tr?????c "nh?? th??? qu???c doanh" do Solon th??nh l???p ??? ph????ng T??y n???a th??? k???.
Qu???n Tr???ng th??nh l???p c??c nh?? th??? ????? t??ng thu ng??n s??ch trung ????ng c???a n?????c T??? v?? "cung c???p chi ti??u cho nh?? n?????c". Tuy nhi??n, nh???ng g??i m???i d??m n??y ngay l???p t???c v???p ph???i nhi???u tranh c??i. "Chi???n l?????c c???a Chi???n Qu???c: Chi???n l?????c c???a tri???u ?????i ????ng Chu" ghi l???i: "T??? Ho??n C??ng c?? b???y khu ch??? trong cung ??i???n v?? b???y tr??m ph??ng n???i, b??? d??n ch??ng l??n ??n." "L???nh l??n ??n" ??m ch??? s??? ph???n ?????i c??c k??? vi???n, v?? ????y ???????c cho l?? ti???ng n??i ?????u ti??n ??? Trung Qu???c k??u g???i "c???m m???i d??m".
M???c d?? ch??nh s??ch "ng??nh c??ng nghi???p t??nh d???c" c???a Qu???n Tr???ng v???p ph???i s??? ph???n ?????i c???a c??ng ch??ng, nh??ng n?? v???n ph??t tri???n m???nh m???. Sau th???i T???n v?? th???i H??n, "ch??? ????? nh???c gia" v?? "ch??? ????? quan m???i d??m" d???n d???n h??nh th??nh, c??ng v???i s??? xu???t hi???n c???a c??i g???i l?? v??n h??a k??? vi???n.
M???c d?? v??n h??a k??? vi???n ???? tr??? th??nh m???t ph???n ?????c ????o c???a v??n h??a d??n gian Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i, nh??ng nh???ng l???i k??u g???i c???m m???i d??m c???a c??c tri???u ?????i v???n kh??ng bao gi??? ng???ng l???i. ?????c bi???t, trong s??? nh???ng ng?????i d??n th?????ng, t???ng l???p th???p r???t c??m gh??t h??? th???ng k??? vi???n, v?? m???i d??m c??ng vi???c g??? g???m m???i d??m b??? coi l?? ????ng khinh b???. Nh???ng t??? ng??? th?? t???c nh?? "con hoang" v?? "g??i h??" th?????ng ???????c d??ng ????? nguy???n r???a c??? nam l???n n??? tham gia m???i d??m, ?????nh h?????ng ?????o ?????c x?? h???i. Tr??n th???c t???, ????y l?? m???t "l???nh c???m m???i d??m v??? m???t ?????o ?????c".
T???ng Nh??n T??ng quy ?????nh r???ng c??c quan ch???c "kh??ng ???????c ?????n nh?? th???".
L???nh c???m m???i d??m v??? m???t ?????o ?????c n??y kh??ng ph???i l?? m???t bi???n ph??p d???a tr??n ch??nh s??ch, v?? do ???? kh??ng c?? nhi???u t??c ?????ng. ????? ????p l???i nh???ng l???i k??u g???i c???m m???i d??m, tri???u ????nh x??a th?????ng ban h??nh c??c ch??nh s??ch h???n ch??? m???i d??m v?? m???i d??m nh???m thanh l???c m??i tr?????ng x?? h???i, ??i???u ch???nh c??c chu???n m???c ?????o ?????c v?? qu???n l?? h??nh vi c???a quan ch???c. Nh???ng h???n ch??? n??y c?? th??? ???????c coi l?? "l???nh c???m m???i d??m h???p ph??p" c???a Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i.
??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i, "l???nh c???m m???i d??m h???p ph??p" th?????ng l?? m???t "cu???c ????n ??p khi??u d??m" c?? ??i???u ki???n. M?? h??nh sinh t???n c???a g??i m???i d??m ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i r???t ph???c t???p, bao g???m g??i m???i d??m cung ????nh, g??i m???i d??m quan ch???c, g??i m???i d??m qu??n ?????i, g??i m???i d??m n???i ?????a, g??i m???i d??m t?? nh??n v?? g??i m???i d??m b?? m???t. Nh???ng g??i m???i d??m n??y ban ?????u xu???t ph??t t??? n?? l??? v?? t?? binh chi???n tranh, sau ???? ch??? y???u bao g???m ph??? n??? g??a ch???ng, con g??i c???a t???i ph???m (quan l???i), v?? ph??? n??? b??n m??nh. Tuy nhi??n, h???u nh?? m???i tri???u ?????i ?????u c???m "??p bu???c ph??? n??? c?? ph???m ch???t t???t v??o ngh??? m???i d??m", th???c hi???n c??c c?? ch??? ki???m so??t ti???p c???n ????? ng??n ch???n s??? suy tho??i ?????o ?????c x?? h???i n??i chung. V?? d???, lu???t nh?? Minh quy ?????nh r???ng "b???t k??? g??i m???i d??m ho???c ng?????i mua d??m n??o mua con c??i c???a ng?????i t???t l??m g??i m???i d??m s??? b??? ph???t 100 roi".
?????ng th???i, h??nh vi t??nh d???c c???a nh???ng ng?????i mua d??m, hay c??n g???i l?? kh??ch h??ng, c??ng b??? h???n ch???, v???i nh???ng h???n ch??? nghi??m ng???t nh???t ???????c ??p d???ng ?????i v???i c??c quan ch???c c?? tr??ch nhi???m x?? h???i. V?? d???, d?????i th???i nh?? T???ng, c??c quan ch???c b??? c???m ?????n th??m g??i m???i d??m. Ho??ng ????? Tri???u Trinh (T???ng Nh??n T??ng) ???? quy ?????nh r???ng c??c quan ch???c ph??? tr??ch h??? th???ng t?? ph??p h??nh s???, bao g???m c??? Ch??nh ??n, b??? c???m g??? g???m g??i m???i d??m. ??i???u n??y ???????c g???i l?? "kh??ng ???????c ?????n v???i g??i m???i d??m ????? mua vui".
B???n m????i ho???c n??m m????i n??m sau, Ho??ng ????? Tri???u H??c (T???ng Th???n T??ng) ???? m??? r???ng l???nh c???m n??y ????? bao g???m t???t c??? c??c quan ch???c gi??m s??t, ch??? kh??ng ch??? ri??ng Ch??nh ??n. Tuy nhi??n, c?? m???t ngo???i l???: m???t ng??y trong 365 ng??y ???????c ph??p "ngh??? ng??i" - sinh nh???t c???a Tri???u H??c, ???????c g???i l?? "Ng??y Th??nh". B??i th?? ??????ng ?????i, "????m nay, b??? h??? kh??ng c???n ng???; xu??n v???n c??n ????y tr?????c khi chu??ng s??ng reo", m?? t??? ????m c???a "Ng??y Th??nh" n??y.
Trong t???t c??? c??c tri???u ?????i Trung Hoa c??? ?????i, nh?? ???????ng c?? ng??nh c??ng nghi???p t??nh d???c ph??t tri???n nh???t v?? tr??nh ????? c???a g??i m???i d??m cao nh???t. Ch??nh quy???n nh?? ???????ng ???? thi???t l???p h??? th???ng m???i d??m ch??nh th???c, h???p ph??p h??a t?? c??ch c???a g??i m???i d??m v?? bi???n m???i d??m th??nh m???t ng??nh c??ng nghi???p h???p ph??p.
?????ng th???i, ch??nh quy???n nh?? ???????ng ???? th??nh l???p m???t c?? quan h??nh ch??nh chuy??n tr??ch, "Gi??o ph?????ng", ????? gi??m s??t g??i m???i d??m ho???t ?????ng trong kinh ????. T???t c??? nh???ng ng?????i h??nh ngh??? ?????u ???????c y??u c???u ????ng k?? v?? tr???i qua "????o t???o ngh???" tr?????c khi tuy???n d???ng. Nh???ng ng?????i c?? gi???ng h??t hay ???????c ????o t???o th??nh g??i h??t, nh???ng ng?????i c?? n??ng khi???u ??m nh???c tr??? th??nh nh???c s??, nh???ng ng?????i c?? v??c d??ng ?????p tr??? th??nh v?? n???, nh???ng ng?????i c?? t???u l?????ng t???t tr??? th??nh g??i u???ng r?????u, v.v. Do ????, h??nh ???nh k??? n??? th?????ng xuy??n xu???t hi???n trong c??c t??c ph???m c???a c??c nh?? th?? th???i ???????ng.
Minh Huy???n T??ng ra l???nh
B??i b??? "trinh n???"
Ch??? ????? m???i d??m ch??nh th???c c???a nh?? ???????ng ???? c?? t??c ?????ng s??u s???c ?????n c??c th??? h??? sau. M??i ?????n th???i nh?? Minh, ch??? ????? n??y m???i b??? b??i b???, ????nh d???u m???t xu h?????ng m???i trong phong tr??o ch???ng m???i d??m ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i.
Th???c t???, nh?? Minh kh??ng h??? c???m m???i d??m ngay t??? ?????u. Chu Nguy??n Ch????ng, v??? ho??ng ????? khai qu???c c???a nh?? Minh, v???n l?? m???t nh?? s??, kh??ng nh???ng kh??ng c???m m?? c??n t??ch c???c th??c ?????y n??. D???a tr??n ch??? ????? m???i d??m ch??nh th???c c???a nh?? ???????ng v?? nh?? T???ng, nh?? Minh ???? n??ng c???p Giao Ph????ng th??nh Giao Ph????ng T???, tr???c thu???c B??? L???, ph??? tr??ch gi??o d???c v?? ngo???i giao.
Theo "Th??nh Th??nh Thi Lu???n" c???a Giang Minh Th?? t??? th???i nh?? Minh, Chu Nguy??n Ch????ng ???? x??y d???ng 14 nh?? h??ng cao c???p, bao g???m Thanh Nham v?? ??an Ph???n, d???c theo s??ng N???i v?? Ngo???i T???n Ho??i ??? khu v???c quanh c???a C??c B???o (nay l?? c???a Trung Hoa), ph??a nam Nam Kinh. Khu v???c n??y ???????c bi???t ?????n v???i t??n g???i "khu ????n ?????" c???a tri???u Minh, "T???ng th??? m?????i b???n c???a Hoa Nh???c Xu??n Phong" d???c theo s??ng T???n Ho??i. Nh???ng nh?? h??ng n??y t???ng l?? "nh?? th??? ch??nh th???c". Do thi???u g??i m???i d??m tr?????c khi m??? c???a, Chu Nguy??n Ch????ng ???? ra l???nh tuy???n d???ng nh???ng ph??? n??? c?? kinh nghi???m t??? kh???p c??? n?????c, th??c gi???c h??? v??o ngh??? c??ng nhanh c??ng t???t. V???i s??? th??ng ti???n c???a ch??nh quy???n v?? c??c quan ch???c ??i ?????u, vi???c ti??u th??? t??nh d???c th???c s??? ???? th??c ?????y "nhu c???u n???i ?????a" v??o ?????u tri???u Minh. G??i m???i d??m l?? kh??ng th??? thi???u trong c??c bu???i h???p m???t ri??ng t??, v?? "g??i ba b???n" ???????c ph??p tham gia c??c b???a ti???c ch??nh th???c.
S??? gia t??ng nhanh ch??ng c???a g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c ???? d???n ?????n nhi???u v???n ?????, v?? nhu c???u c???a c??ng ch??ng v??? vi???c c???m m???i d??m ng??y c??ng t??ng cao. Ch???t c???a Chu Nguy??n Ch????ng, Chu Chi??m C?? (Ho??ng ????? Huy???n T??ng c???a tri???u Minh), ???? ra l???nh b??i b??? m???i d??m ch??nh th???c v?? nghi??m c???m c??c quan ch???c ?????n c??c khu ????n ?????. ??i???u n??y ????nh d???u s??? kh???i ?????u c???a phong tr??o "c???m m???i d??m" v??o th???i nh?? Minh.
H??nh ?????ng c???a Chu Chi??m C?? l?? m???t s??? ki???n quan tr???ng trong l???ch s??? chi???n d???ch ch???ng m???i d??m c???a Trung Qu???c. Nh??ng m???i ch??nh s??ch ?????u c?? bi???n ph??p ?????i ph??. Tuy kh??ng c?? g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c, nh??ng v???n c?? g??i m???i d??m t?? nh??n. M???t s??? ng?????i ????n ??ng gi??u c??, kh??ng b??? ???nh h?????ng b???i "l???nh c???m m???i d??m", v???n nu??i g??i m???i d??m trong nh??. C??ng v???i s??? suy gi???m c???a g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c, g??i m???i d??m t?? nh??n l???i gia t??ng, ?????c bi???t l?? m???t s??? l?????ng l???n ???????c g???i l?? "??? m???i d??m t?? nh??n".
Chu Chi??m C?? ch??? tr??? v?? 11 n??m v?? qua ?????i ??? tu???i 38. Sau ????, c??c quy ?????nh v??? m???i d??m ???????c n???i l???ng. V??o cu???i th???i nh?? Minh, hai b??n b??? s??ng T???n Ho??i, nay l?? Nam Kinh, r???i r??c c??c nh?? th??? v?? nh?? h??ng, v?? nhi???u thuy???n du ngo???n ???????c s??? d???ng l??m t??? ??i???m m???i d??m di ?????ng, bi???n n??i ????y th??nh trung t??m c??ng nghi???p t??nh d???c c???a c??? n?????c. "B???n Ki???u T???p b??t", do D?? Ho??i th???i nh?? Thanh vi???t, l?? m???t ghi ch??p ch??n th???c v??? ?????i s???ng t??nh d???c c???a c??c h???c gi???, sinh vi??n v?? quan l???i t???i c??c khu ????n ????? th???i b???y gi???. C??i g???i l?? "T??m m??? nh??n T???n Ho??i" l?? t??m g??i m???i d??m s???ng d???c theo s??ng T???n Ho??i, t???t c??? ?????u xu???t hi???n v??o cu???i tri???u Minh v?? ?????u tri???u Thanh.
Ho??ng ????? Khang Hy c???a nh?? Thanh ???? ban h??nh m???t s???c l???nh.
Nh???ng ng?????i ch???u tr??ch nhi???m "li??n k???t m??? nh?? th???" s??? b??? x??? t???.
So v???i tri???u Minh, l???nh c???m m???i d??m c???a nh?? Thanh th???m ch?? c??n nghi??m ng???t h??n, m???c d?? ch??ng c??ng ???????c thay ?????i nhi???u l???n. V??o ?????u tri???u Thanh, theo ch??? ????? nh?? Minh, V??n ph??ng Giao Ph????ng ???????c th??nh l???p t???i kinh ????. Tuy nhi??n, Ho??ng ????? Thu???n Tr??? ???? hai l???n sa th???i c??c n??? nh???c c??ng c???a Giao Ph????ng, ????o t???o 48 ho???n quan ????? thay th??? g??i m???i d??m cho c??c s??? ki???n trong cung. V??o n??m th??? t??m c???a tri???u ?????i Thu???n Tr??? (n??m 1651), tri???u ????nh ra l???nh ch???m d???t ho???t ?????ng c???a c??c n??? nh???c c??ng Giao Ph????ng v?? b???t ?????u l???nh c???m m???i d??m, ph??t ?????ng "chi???n d???ch b??i tr??? m???i d??m" c???a nh?? Thanh t??? tr??n xu???ng d?????i. V??o n??m th??? m?????i s??u c???a tri???u ?????i Thu???n Tr??? (1659 SCN), c??c n??? nh???c c??ng b??? b??i b??? tr???c ti???p.
Ho??ng ????? Khang Hy k??? th???a ch??nh s??ch c???m m???i d??m c???a tri???u ?????i Thu???n Tr???, v?? ti???p t???c th???c hi???n v??o n??m th??? 12 (1673). C??c ??i???u lu???t ???????c ban h??nh v??o n??m th??? 19 (1680) ???? quy ?????nh r?? r??ng: "B???t k??? ai m??? nh?? th??? ????? d??? d??? ph??? n??? v?? tr??? em s??? b??? x??? t??? nh?? m???t k??? ?????c th??n, v?? nh???ng ng?????i theo sau s??? b??? ????y ?????n H???c Long Giang v?? c??c n??i kh??c ????? l??m n?? l??? cho l??nh m???c ??o gi??p."
Ho??ng ????? Gia Kh??nh ti???p t???c t??ng c?????ng h??nh ph???t ?????i v???i m???i d??m. B??? lu???t Thanh s???a ?????i, ???????c ban h??nh v??o n??m th??? 16 (1811), quy ?????nh: "N???u ph??t hi???n ??? m???i d??m trong ho???c ngo??i kinh th??nh, v?? n???u nh?? th??? ???????c th??nh l???p v?? ho???t ?????ng trong th???i gian d??i, ngo??i h??nh ph???t th??ng th?????ng ?????i v???i ng?????i vi ph???m, ch??? nh?? cho thu?? nh?? s??? b??? ph???t 80 roi v?? m???t th??ng t?? giam cho l???n vi ph???m ?????u ti??n..."
L???nh c???m m???i d??m c???a nh?? Thanh c?? th??? ???????c m?? t??? l?? m???t "l???nh c???m h???p ph??p" th???c s???. Chi???n d???ch "ch???ng m???i d??m" c???a tri???u ????nh ???????c c??ng khai r???ng r??i v?? trong m???t th???i gian ???? kh?? hi???u qu???. V?? d???, ??? D????ng Ch??u, khi ???? l?? "th??nh ph??? ????n ?????" n???i ti???ng to??n qu???c, nh???ng ng?????i h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m v?? c??ng lo l???ng. K??? t??? th???i T??y v?? ???????ng, ng??nh c??ng nghi???p m???i d??m ??? D????ng Ch??u ???? ph??t tri???n m???nh m???. B???t ch???p s??? ????n ??p c???a ch??nh quy???n tri???u ????nh ?????i v???i m???i d??m, m???i d??m v???n l?? m???t v???n n???n dai d???ng. C??c lo???i h??nh m???i d??m b?? m???t nh?? "s??o huy???t t?? nh??n", "c???ng b??n nguy???t", "D????ng T??n" v?? "g??i l??i ????" v???n ti???p t???c ho???t ?????ng. Nh???ng ng?????i h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m n??y ???? n???m r?? t??nh h??nh cu???c ????n ??p, v?? khi tin t???c lan truy???n, h??? ???? "bi???n m???t h??ng lo???t". Trong l???i t???a c???a "D????ng Ch??u C??? X??? T???", h???c gi??? ?????u th???i Thanh Ng?? Kh???i ???? vi???t: "M???i khi c?? l???nh c???m, h??? ?????u b??? ch???y ????? b???o to??n m???ng s???ng, kh??ng ai bi???t tung t??ch."
Trong t???t c??? c??c tri???u ?????i Trung Hoa c??? ?????i, tri???u ?????i nh?? Thanh c?? l???nh c???m m???i d??m r?? r??ng nh???t, nh??ng h??? kh??ng th???c s??? ng??n ch???n n??, v?? m???i d??m v???n ho??nh h??nh trong d??n ch??ng. ?????c bi???t sau khi Ho??ng ????? H??m Phong, ?? Chu???n, l??n ng??i, m???i d??m l???i b??ng ph??t ??? B???c Kinh. "L???nh c???m m???i d??m" ch??? c??n tr??n danh ngh??a. Khi th???i ?????i phong ki???n s???p k???t th??c, ng??nh c??ng nghi???p t??nh d???c do Qu???n Tr???ng kh???i x?????ng ???? tr???i qua m???t th???i k??? h??ng th???nh hi???m hoi. V??o th???i ??i???m ????, v?? s??? "khu ????n ?????" v???i quy m?? kh??c nhau ???? xu???t hi???n tr??n kh???p ?????t n?????c, ch???ng h???n nh?? "B??t ?????i H??? ?????ng" ??? B???c Kinh v?? Th?????ng H???i, khi ???? ???????c g???i l?? "M?????i d???m ngo???i qu???c". Th?????ng H???i ???? tr??? th??nh "th??? ???? t??nh d???c" c???a th??? gi???i. V??o ????m tr?????c ng??y th??nh l???p n?????c C???ng h??a Nh??n d??n Trung Hoa n??m 1949, v???n c??n h??n 800 nh?? th??? ???????c ????ng k?? t???i Th?????ng H???i.
T???i sao ng??nh c??ng nghi???p t??nh d???c l???i ph??t tri???n m???nh m??? tr??? l???i v??o cu???i tri???u ?????i nh?? Thanh? Th??? nh???t, sau khi c??c c?????ng qu???c ph????ng T??y m??? c???a Trung Qu???c, n???n kinh t??? th????ng m???i ???? k??ch th??ch ng??nh c??ng nghi???p t??nh d???c, v???n ???? t???n t???i t??? l??u. Th??? hai, ho??ng ????? l?? ng?????i ??i ?????u trong vi???c t??m ki???m kho??i l???c. Ho??ng ????? ?????ng Tr??? th??ch "du ngo???n l??ng m???n" v?? th?????ng xuy??n c???i trang ?????n c??c nh?? th???. Tin ?????n r???ng ??ng qua ?????i v?? b???nh hoa li???u (b???nh hoa li???u) kh??ng ph???i l?? kh??ng c?? c?? s???. Quan tr???ng nh???t, ch??nh s??ch ch???ng m???i d??m c???a ch??nh quy???n nh?? Thanh b???t ?????u n???i l???ng, m???t th???c t??? m?? c??c s??? gia g???i l?? "n???i l???ng l???nh c???m". Nhi???u ch??nh quy???n ?????a ph????ng ???? ??p d???ng "thu??? hoa", tr??n th???c t??? l?? c??ng nh???n t??nh h???p ph??p c???a ng?????i h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m.
??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i, vi???c c???m m???i d??m lu??n b??? v?????ng v??o t??nh th??? ti???n tho??i l?????ng nan n??y. M??i cho ?????n khi th??nh l???p n?????c C???ng h??a Nh??n d??n Trung Hoa, l???nh c???m m???i tr??? th??nh hi???n th???c.
????? Ho??ng theo B??ch khoa t??? ??i???n m???