M???i d??m c??? Trung Qu???c

M???I D??M C??? TRUNG HOA (ti???p theo)
Ghi ch??p s???m nh???t v??? g??i m???i d??m trong l???ch s??? Trung Qu???c l?? h??? th???ng m???i d??m ch??nh th???c do Qu???n Tr???ng thi???t l???p v??o th???i Xu??n Thu, ???????c th??? ch??? h??a d?????i th???i H??n V?? ?????. Tr???n ????ng Nguy??n tin r???ng s??? t???n t???i c???a g??i m???i d??m ??? Trung Qu???c th???c s??? b???t ?????u t??? c??c cung ????nh, g??i m???i d??m qu??n ?????i, g??i m???i d??m quan ch???c[a], g??i m???i d??m n???i ?????a v?? g??i m???i d??m d??n s??? t??y theo ?????a v??? c???a h???. H??? ph??? thu???c v??o c??c nh?? th??? ho???c c??c c?? s??? cao c???p v?? kh??ng c?? quy???n t??? do c?? nh??n. H???u h???t h??? l?? t???i ph???m, th??n nh??n c???a t???i ph???m, k??? bu??n ng?????i ho???c t?? binh chi???n tranh. G??i m???i d??m c?? ?????a v??? x?? h???i th???p, v?? vi???c ????a ng?????i th??n l?? n??? c???a c??c quan l???i ho???c k??? th?? ??i l??m g??i m???i d??m c??ng l?? m???t h??nh ph???t ???????c vua ch??a s??? d???ng
??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i, t??? "g??i m???i d??m" ban ?????u l?? "changji", ban ?????u d??ng ????? ch??? c??c di???n vi??n n??? trong c??c bu???i bi???u di???n ca m??a. "S??ch thuy???t gi???i t???" c???a T??? Th???n c?? ch??? "chang" nh??ng kh??ng c?? ch??? "chang". T??? "chang" l???n ?????u ti??n xu???t hi???n trong "Yu Pian" c???a C??? Di???p V????ng th???i L????ng.
Th???i c??? ?????i
M???c T???/Phi Nguy???t Th????ng
Ng?????i ta tin r???ng k??? n??? H???ng Nhai th???i Tam Ho??ng l?? nh???ng k??? n??? ???????c ghi ch??p s???m nh???t. Ng?????i ta n??i r???ng d?????i th???i vua H??? Ki???t, ??ng c?? g???n 30.000 nh???c n???[3]. Tuy nhi??n, theo s??? s??ch ch??nh th???ng, ngu???n g???c c???a m???i d??m ???????c cho l?? t??? c??c ph?? th???y[5] th???i Th????ng[4]. V??o th???i ????, h??? l?? nh???ng ph?? th???y m???i d??m[6][7]. H??? b??? ng?????i th???i ???? l??n ??n v?? tin r???ng h??? c?? th??? g??y ra "xu h?????ng d??m d???c" ho???c "xu h?????ng ph?? th???y". Nh?? Th????ng c??ng ?????t ra lu???t l??? v?? h??nh ph???t cho nh???ng xu h?????ng n??y.
Nh?? Chu
V??o ?????u th???i Xu??n Thu, th???a t?????ng n?????c T??? l?? Qu???n Tr???ng ???? l???p ra "N??? L???". "?????ng Ch??u S??ch" ghi l???i: "Trong cung ??i???n c???a T??? Ho??n C??ng n?????c T??? c?? b???y ch??? g??i v?? 700 nh?? ch???a g??i". Ph???n ti???p theo c???a B??? s??u t???p Ki???n H??? ghi l???i: "Khi Qu???n T??? cai tr??? n?????c T???, ??ng ???? l???p ra b???y tr??m nh?? ch???a g??i v?? thu ti???n h??? chi cho m???i d??m ????? b??? sung cho chi ti??u c???a nh?? n?????c. ??i???u n??y ????nh d???u s??? kh???i ?????u c???a t???p t???c d??ng ph???n hoa l??m ti???n."
Ng?? Nguy???t Xu??n Thu ch??p: "Vua C??u Ti???n n?????c Vi???t ???? c??? c??c g??a ph??? l??n n??i ????? ti???p ????i binh l??nh ??ang lo l???ng v?? ??au kh???." Nh???c Quy???t Th?? ghi: "N??i ????? Ph??? ???????c x??y d???ng khi C??u Ti???n chu???n b??? t???n c??ng n?????c Ng??. ??ng ???? ????a c??c g??a ph??? l??n n??i ????? ph???c v??? nh?? nh???ng chi???n binh t???n t???y c???a m??nh, nh??ng h??? v???n ch??a ho??n to??n t???n t???y. C??c di???n gi???i sau n??y cho r???ng C??u Ti???n ???? s??? d???ng ??i???u n??y ????? ti???p ????i binh l??nh c???a m??nh."
S??? k?? ?????i S???: Truy???n Th????ng Nh??n. S??? k?? H??n V?? ????? ghi l???i: "Tr???nh C??, m???t ng?????i ph??? n??? n?????c Tri???u, ??n m???c r???t ?????p. B?? ch??i ????n tranh, x???n tay ??o d??i, ??i gi??y nh???n. V???i ????i m???t v?? tr??i tim, b?? s???n s??ng ??i h??ng ng??n d???m, b???t k??? tu???i t??c, ????? t??m ki???m s??? gi??u sang v?? th???nh v?????ng."
Nh?? H??n
Tr???nh T??ng Th??ng, tr??ch d???n "Ngu???n g???c v???n v???t", vi???t: "H??n V?? ????? ban ?????u thu?? g??i m???i d??m trong tr???i ????? ph???c v??? binh l??nh kh??ng c?? v???. Xem "S??? k?? H??n V?? ????? kh??ng ch??nh th???c."
M?? Dung th???i ????ng H??n "c?? r???t nhi???u nh???c c??? xa hoa trong nh??. ??ng th?????ng ng???i trong m???t s???nh cao, ph??a tr?????c c?? r??m voan, d???y h???c tr??, ph??a sau c?? nh???c c??ng n???." ??ng ???????c g???i l?? "Giang Ch????ng s??."
Nam B???c Tri???u
Nam S??? ghi l???i r???ng Ho??ng ????? T??? b??? ph??? tru???t "m???i ????m ?????u m??? h???u s???nh v?? m??? ti???c trong tr???i."
Tri???u ???????ng
Nam T??n Th?? ch??p r???ng L?? Di???u, v??? quan th??i th?? c???a X??, r???t quan t??m ?????n c??c ghi ch??p v??? r?????u c???a Mai Xuy??n v?? X?? Ch??u. ??ng th???m ch?? c??n nh???n nu??i m???t k??? n??? t??n l?? Thi???u Quang. V??o ng??y b??? c??ch ch???c, ??ng ???? h???n v???i n?????c Ng?? ????? ch??m s??c c?? ta. Tr?????c khi ??i, ??ng ???? u???ng r?????u v???i c?? ta, l??ng tr??n ng???p n???i bu???n. C?? m???t b??i th?? r???ng: "Bao n??m cai qu???n qu???n, ta ???? t???n h?????ng cu???c s???ng, h???c c??ch chi???n ?????u v?? h???i ?? ki???n c???a nh???ng k??? say r?????u. H??m nay, tr?????c khi ??i, ta ph???i s???p x???p m???i vi???c, v?? ta s??? nh???n ???????c vi??n ng???c Mai Xuy??n." Ng?? ????p: "Ta m???i ng??y ?????u t???n h?????ng, phong th??i tao nh?? c???a ta kh??ng g?? s??nh b???ng. Tu???i tr??? c???a ta ???? m???t, v?? gi??? ta ???? c?? vi??n ng???c trong l??ng b??n tay."
S??ch Nam T??n Th?? ghi ch??p r???ng m???t v??? quan nh?? ???????ng c?? con trai v???i m???t k??? n??? trong tr???i: "Tr????ng B??c Th????ng, th??i th?? C???m Ch??u, nu??i m???t k??? n??? trong tr???i. Tr????ng S?? Th???c sinh ???????c m???t ng?????i con trai t??n l?? Nh??n Qu??, ???????c ??ng nh???n l??m con nu??i. H??? s???ng gi???a v??ng Giang Ho??i. Sau khi B??c Th????ng m???t, Nh??n Qu?? tr??? v??? Tr?????ng An, ???????c phong l?? Giang Ho??i Lang Qu??n."
Tr??ch "Trung V?? K??? V??n" c???a Cung Minh Tr?? th???i nh?? T???ng ghi l???i: "Khi L?? Thi??n (B???ch C?? D???) l??m th??i th??, c?? l???n d???n Dung M???n, Tr????ng Chi v?? m?????i k??? n??? kh??c ??i ch??i ????m ??? ch??a H??? S??n ??? T??y H???. ??ng ???? vi???t m???t b??i th?? v??? chuy???n ??i n??y. ??i???u n??y cho th???y ch??nh quy???n qu???n th???i ???? kh?? tho???i m??i, c??c quan l???i r???t khoan dung. N???u ??i???u n??y x???y ra ng??y nay (??m ch??? th???i nh?? T???ng), ch???c ch???n s??? b??? coi l?? ph???m t???i!"
????? Ph??? vi???t "Hai b??i th?? v??? vi???c th??p t??ng qu?? t??? th?????ng ngo???n ti???t tr???i m??t m??? ??? Tr????ng B??t C??u c??ng k??? n???, g???p m??a chi???u"; L?? B???ch vi???t "Thu v??? s??n, ????m v???, u???ng r?????u, xem k??? n??? ??? ????ng l??u ??an Ph???".
Khai Nguy??n Thi??n B???o Y S?? c???a V????ng Nh??n V?? ghi l???i: "Tr?????ng An c?? m???t B??nh Khang ph?????ng, n??i g??i m???i d??m s???ng. Trai tr??ng kinh th??nh t??? t???p ??? ????, h??ng n??m c??c s?? t??? Kim S??? m???i ?????n th??m, mang theo gi???y ????? v?? danh nh??n. Ng?????i th???i ???? g???i n??i n??y l?? ch???n b???ng lai ti??n c???nh."
???????ng Y S?? vi???t: "C?? m???t ng?????i ????n ??ng h??? L??. Ch?? c???a ??ng ta, h??? L???, l?? m???t ?????o s??. ??ng m???i L?? ?????n nh?? v?? n??i r???ng mu???n t??m m???t k??? n??? gi???i ch??i ????n tranh. ??ng ta nh??? c?? g??i r??t r?????u. Tr??n ????n tranh c?? kh???c ch??? ?????: 'Ph??n bi???t c??y s??ng tr??n m??y, nh???n bi???t thuy???n v??? tr??n tr???i'". Sau ????, ??ng k???t h??n v???i con g??i c???a L???c Tr?????ng Nguy??n, ng?????i m?? ??ng ???? g???p ??? nh?? h??? L???c. N??ng qu??? th???c l?? m???t ng?????i ch??i ????n c??? tranh gi???i, v?? d??ng ch??? ????? r???t r?? r??ng. L?? k??? l???i nh???ng chuy???n ???? qua, v?? ng?????i ph??? n??? n??i: 'T??i t???ng m?? th???y m??nh b??? m???t v??? ti??n quan truy ??u???i, ????ng nh?? t??i ???? m?? t???.'
Tri???u ?????i nh?? T???ng
Ph??? Tr??c M???n L???c n??i: "Ng??y nay, khi c??c nh?? th?? vi???t v??? ph??? n???, h??? th?????ng d??ng ca m??a ????? gi???i tr??. Ho??ng ????? L????ng Nguy??n ???? vi???t trong b??i th?? "K??? n??? ????p l???nh": "Ti???ng h??t trong tr???o vang v???ng theo ti???ng su???i, v?? nh???ng b??ng ng?????i nh???y m??a hi???n ra trong ao." L??u Ti???u X?????c ???? vi???t trong b??i th?? "Ng???m k??? n???": "N??ng Y???n gi???i m??a, n??ng Tr???nh th??ch h??t trong tr???o." Th??ng Hai n??m Gia Du th??? nh???t, ??u D????ng Tu tr??? v??? t??? s??? m???nh Khi???t ??an. Tr??n ???????ng ??i qua ch??u ?????i Minh, Gi??? Tr?????ng Tri???u ???? ra ????n ??ng. "Tr?????c ????, C??ng t?????c ???? d???n k??? n??? so???n th?? ????? m???i m???i ng?????i u???ng r?????u, nh??ng C??c k??? n??? ch??? g???t ?????u. Sau ????, ??ng sai c??c k??? n??? v??o ?????i s???nh ????? b??o c??o v??? b???a ti???c, nh??ng h??? c??ng ch??? g???t ?????u. C??ng t?????c ng???c nhi??n v?? ngh?? r???ng h??? l?? ng?????i n??ng th??n. Sau b???a ti???c, c??c k??? n??? nh???y m??a v?? ca h??t ????? ??n m???ng s??? ki???n n??y. V??nh Th??c c???m ch??n c???a m??nh l???ng nghe, v?? ??ng lu??n r??t ?????y n??. C??ng t?????c l???i ng???c nhi??n v?? tri???u t???p h??? ?????n ????? h???i v??? b???a ti???c. C??c k??? n??? h??t th?? c???a ??ng. [8] ????ng Pha Ch?? L??m ghi l???i r???ng khi T?? Th???c l??m quan ?????a ph????ng ??? Ti???n ???????ng, "m???t k??? n??? c?? bi???t danh l?? H??? C???u V?? ???? n???p ????n xin mi???n ????ng k?? ch??nh th???c. ????ng Pha ph??n, 'N??m ng??y sau, k??? n??? s??? ???????c t??? do; H??? C???u V?? s??? ???????c t??? do tr??? th??nh m???t ng?????i ph??? n??? t???t.' M???t k??? n??? kh??c c??ng y??u c???u ???????c mi???n ????ng k?? ch??nh th???c theo quy t???c. ????ng Pha ph??n, '?? ?????nh th??c ?????y n???n v??n minh ph????ng Nam c???a ng????i l?? ????ng khen ng???i, nh??ng mong mu???n h??? tr??? ng?????i d??n ph????ng B???c c???a ng????i l?? kh??ng th??? ch???p n???n ???????c. Y??u c???u c???a ng????i kh??ng ???????c ch???p nh???n.'
"C??? Hi???n T??? Lu???n" c???a D????ng Hi ghi l???i: "Khi T?? Th???c l??m th??i th?? Ti???n ???????ng, ??ng c?? m???t k??? n??? t??n l?? T?? Lan. N??ng v???n th??ng minh, gi???i quy???t ??o??n. Tr??n h??? c?? y???n ti???c, m???t nh??m k??? n??? t??? t???p. Sau khi y???n ti???c k???t th??c, ch??? c?? T?? Lan l?? ch??a ?????n. N??ng ?????n sau m???t h???i ch??? ?????i. Khi ???????c h???i t???i sao, n??ng tr??? l???i r???ng ???? bu???c t??c, t???m r???a xong v?? ng??? thi???p ??i. ?????t nhi??n, n??ng nghe th???y ti???ng g?? c???a g???p g??p. N??ng ?????ng d???y h???i, th?? ra l?? nh???c tr?????ng th??c gi???c n??ng ?????n. Sao n??ng d??m l?? l??? N??ng n??i th???t. T??? Tri???n ???? tha th??? cho n??ng, nh??ng m???t th??? n??? v?? n??ng ?????n mu???n n??n c??? tra h???i m??i. L??c ????, hoa l???u ??ang n??? r???, T?? Lan b??? m???t c??nh ????a cho th??? n???, th??? n??? c??ng th??m t???c gi???n. T?? Lan lau n?????c m???t, kh??ng n??i g??. T??? Chi??m b??n so???n m???t b??i h??t "T???t m??t m???" v?? b???o ??ng h??t theo, khi???n cho ng?????i h???u kia ngu??i gi???n.
V????ng Thi???u c??ch ch???c Ph?? C?? M???t Vi???n v?? b??? nhi???m B??? L??? l??m Th??i th?? Ng???c Ch??u. M???t h??m, t???i m???t b???a ti???c, m???t k??? n??? ch??i nh???c. ????m ?????n, m???t v??? kh??ch t??n l?? Tr????ng C?? say x???n v?? c??? g???ng gi??? k??? n??? l???i. Khi c?? ta t??? ch???i ti???n l??n, ??ng ta ?????t nhi??n ??m ch???m l???y c?? ta. K??? n??? kh??c l??c v?? than phi???n v???i Thi???u. T???t c??? kh??ch kh???a ?????u th???t v???ng. Thi???u ch???m r??i n??i: "Ng????i c??? g???ng ti???p ????i kh??ch, nh??ng ng????i ???? ph?? h???ng ni???m vui c???a h???." ??ng ta sai ng?????i mang m???t chi???c c???c l???n ?????n ????? tr???ng ph???t k??? n???. Sau ????, v??? m???t ??ng ta v???n kh??ng thay ?????i, v???n n??i chuy???n v?? c?????i ????a nh?? th?????ng l???. ??ng ta c??ng l?? m???t ng?????i ????n ??ng c?? ph???m ch???t t???t.
Trong "T??nh Khang K??" c???a V????ng Ph??? c?? ch??p: "Sau v?????n c?? m???t ch??? hoa, cao nh?? n??i, gi???a c?? b???n l???i ??i, gi???ng nh?? k??? vi???n c???a ng?????i th?????ng." "Kinh M???ng" ch??p: "T??? th???i Tr??ng Quan, k??? vi???n trong kinh th??nh... ca s?? L?? Thi Thi, T??? Ph??n Hi, Ph??ng ??n N??, T??n Tam T?? v?? nhi???u ng?????i kh??c l?? nh???ng ng?????i gi???i nh???t."
Trong ???L???ch s??? ti???ng c?????i c??? ?????i v?? hi???n ?????i??? c???a Ph??ng M???ng Long c?? m???t c??u chuy???n c?????i v??? vi???c ???kh??ng g???n g??i g??i m???i d??m???: ???Hai v??? Tr??nh ?????i s?? (t???c Tr??nh H???o v?? Tr??nh Ngh???, hai nh?? nho theo tr?????ng ph??i T??n Nho gi??o) ?????n d??? y???n ti???c c???a c??c s?? phu v?? quan l???i, v?? c?? g??i m???i d??m h???u r?????u. D???ch Xuy??n (Tr??nh H???o) ?????ng d???y ph???i qu???n ??o. Minh ?????o (Tr??nh H???o) vui v??? r???i ??i. Ng??y h??m sau, D???ch Xuy??n ?????n x?????ng v??? c???a Minh ?????o, v???n c??n b???c b???i. Minh ?????o n??i: ???H??m qua, b??n c???a ta c?? g??i m???i d??m, nh??ng ta kh??ng ????? ??. H??m nay, x?????ng v??? c???a ta kh??ng c?? g??i m???i d??m, nh??ng ng????i l???i c??.???
???Gi???c m???ng Nam T???ng??? c???a Ng?? T??? M???c ghi l???i r???ng: ???V??o th???i Thi???u H??ng, D????ng D???ch Trung, v?? nhi???u binh l??nh ????ng qu??n ??? ???? ?????n t??? T??y B???c, n??n ???? l???p ra c??c nh?? h??t trong v?? ngo??i th??nh, chi??u m??? g??i m???i d??m v?? nh???c c??ng cho binh l??nh gi???i tr??. Gi??? ????y, thanh ni??n nh?? qu?? t???c ??ang g??y ra h???n lo???n v?? ph?? ho???i, th???m ch?? c??n t???i t??? h??n ??? Bi??n ?????. H??ng Ch??u c?? kh??ng d?????i m?????i b???y r???p h??t, c??? trong l???n ngo??i th??nh ph???."
S??ch "S??? k?? nh?? T???ng", v??o n??m Thi??n Th??nh th??? nh???t c???a Ho??ng ????? T???ng Nh??n T??ng, c?? ch??p: "M???t s???c l???nh c???a tri???u ????nh ra l???nh th??? n??? c??ng nh??n trong c??c x?????ng may v?? s???n xu???t c??ng nh?? ph??? n??? l??m vi???c trong c??c x?????ng ??? mi???n B???c v?? mi???n Nam. H??? ???????c t??? do l??m b???t c??? ??i???u g?? h??? mu???n."
L??u D??ng t??? x??ng l?? "L??u Tam Bi???n, ng?????i ???? ?????n v???i g??i m???i d??m theo l???nh c???a tri???u ????nh."
"T???p ch?? Y???n B???c" c???a L???c H???u Nh??n, T???p 2, ghi l???i r???ng Ph???m Th??nh ?????t ???? t???ng Kh????ng Khu?? m???t b??i Thanh Y Ti???u H???ng. Kh????ng Khu?? ???? vi???t trong m???t b??i th??: "L???i th?? m???i c???a ta l?? quy???n r?? nh???t; Ti???u H???ng h??t khe kh??? trong khi ta th???i s??o."
Trong v??n bia "V??n bia Tr????ng Cung, m???t v??? quan cao c???p trong tri???u ????nh, v?? m???t m???t th???t ch??? huy", t???p 38 c???a V??? Nam t???p truy???n c???a L??? Du, c?? ghi ch??p r???ng Tr????ng C???n "???? mua m???t k??? n??? ??? tr???i L??m An v?? ????a c?? ta v??? nh??, sau ???? mu???n b??? r??i v??? con..."
"T??y H??? Du K??" ghi l???i r???ng m???t c?? g??i h??t rong ???? b??? ch??? nh??n c???a m??nh gi???t ch???t d?? man v?? khen ng???i hai ch??ng trai tr??? ?????p trai. (Gi???) T?? ?????o s???ng tr??n h???. M???t ng??y n???, ??ng ??ang d???a v??o m???t t??a th??p v?? ng???m c???nh, c??ng v???i c??c k??? n??? c???a m??nh. Hai ?????o s??, tay c???m qu???t l??ng, ??i v??o b??? tr??n m???t chi???c thuy???n nh???. M???t trong s??? c??c k??? n??? th???t l??n: "Th???t l?? nh???ng ch??ng trai tr??? ?????p trai!" T?? ?????o n??i: "N???u ng????i mu???n c?????i h???, ta s??? gi??? ng????i l???i v?? ch???p nh???n h??n ?????c." K??? n??? m???m c?????i nh??ng kh??ng n??i g??. M???t l??c sau, c?? ng?????i mang m???t chi???c h???p ?????n v?? tri???u t???p c??c k??? n???, n??i: "Ta v???a m???i nh???n l???i ????nh h??n v???i m???t k??? n???." Ch??ng m??? h???p ra v?? nh??n th???y ?????u c???a nh???ng k??? n???. C??c k??? n??? r??ng m??nh.
Tri???u Nguy??n: Marco Polo k??? r???ng t???i kinh ???? ?????i ???? (nay l?? B???c Kinh) c???a tri???u Nguy??n, "t???t c??? g??i m???i d??m ?????u s???ng ngo??i th??nh, ch??? kh??ng ph???i trong th??nh... C?? h??n 20.000 ng?????i, t???t c??? ?????u c?? th??? t??? nu??i s???ng b???n th??n b???ng ch??nh m??i t??c c???a m??nh, ??i???u n??y cho ta th???y ???????c d??n s??? ??? ????" (Marco Polo du k??, Ph??ng Th??nh Qu??n d???ch, Nh?? xu???t b???n Nh?? s??ch Th?????ng H???i, 2001, trang 358). H??ng Ch??u, v???n l?? kinh ???? c???a Nam T???ng v?? l?? th??nh ph??? l???n nh???t ??? Giang Nam, l?? n??i c?? "g??i m???i d??m, nh?? th??? v?? qu??n r?????u" (Nguy??n ??i???n Ch????ng, t???p 57, "M?????i ch??n ??i???u c???m c???a B??? T?? ph??p, C???m b???o ch??a, v?? Ba v??? ??n v??? Tuy??n b??? c???a Zhahuerdai"). Marco Polo ?????c bi???t ????? c???p ?????n g??i m???i d??m ??? ????, n??i r???ng: "C?? r???t nhi???u g??i m???i d??m m?? t??i kh??ng d??m m?? t???. H??? kh??ng ch??? ???????c t??m th???y ??? nh???ng n??i nh???ng ng?????i n??y th?????ng s???ng g???n ch???, m?? c??n c?? m???t ??? kh???p th??nh ph???. Qu???n ??o c???a h??? s??ng m??u r???c r???, m??i h????ng n???ng n??n, h??? c?? nhi???u ng?????i h???u, nh?? c???a ?????p ?????. H??? gi???i l???a g???t ng?????i kh??c, l???i n??i v?? c??ch ???ng x??? c???a h??? ?????u r???t h???p v???i l??ng ng?????i. Ng?????i n?????c ngo??i v???a ?????t ch??n ?????n n??i c???a h???, h??? l???p t???c b??? m?? ho???c. V?? v???y, khi h??? tr??? v???, h??? lu??n n??i r???ng h??? ???? ?????n t??a th??? ch??nh v?? r???t mong mu???n ???????c quay l???i ????. (Marco Polo du k??, trang 359). Tri???u ?????i nh?? Minh V??o th???i nh?? Minh, b???u kh??ng kh?? x?? h???i th???i n??t v?? tri???u ????nh ????nh thu??? g??i m???i d??m. Trong Wuzazu c???a T??? Chi??u Tri???t n??i, "Ng??y nay, g??i m???i d??m ??? kh???p m???i n??i tr??n th??? gi???i. ??? c??c th??nh ph??? l???n, th?????ng c?? h??ng ngh??n ng?????i. H??? c??ng c?? th??? ???????c t??m th???y ??? c??c th??? tr???n v?? l??ng m???c xa x??i. H??? d??nh c??? ng??y ??? b???c c???a, b??n n??? c?????i v?? m???i d??m ????? ki???m s???ng. Cu???c s???ng c???a h??? th???t ????ng th????ng! C??c quan l???i tri???u ????nh ??? kinh ???? thu thu??? h???, g???i h??? l?? "ti???n m??? ph???m". Nh???ng ng?????i d?????i quy???n qu???n l?? c???a c??c ch??u huy???n ???????c coi l?? g??i m???i d??m, ph???i tu??n l???nh. C??? nh?? ???????ng v?? nh?? T???ng ?????u s??? d???ng g??i m???i d??m l??m b???n nh???u ch??nh th???c, v?? ??i???u n??y v???n ti???p di???n trong nh???ng n??m ?????u c???a n???n C???ng h??a. V??o ?????u tri???u ?????i Tuy??n ?????c, m???t l???nh c???m ???? ???????c ban h??nh, nh??ng nh???ng ng?????i ??? nh?? trong gi???i qu?? t???c th?? ???????c mi???n. Do ????, m???c d?? h??? ???? bi???n m???t kh???i c??c t??a ??n c??ng c???ng, nh??ng h??? th?????ng ???????c t??m th???y ??? n??ng th??n. C??ng c?? nh???ng ng?????i kh??ng li??n quan ?????n ch??nh ph??? nh??ng h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m t???i nh??, th?????ng ???????c g???i l?? 'ng?????i l??m t??? ri??ng', v?? s??? l?????ng c???a h??? v?? s???!
"Meipu Yutan" n??i: "G???n ????y, phong t???c th???i ???? r???t ph??ng t??ng, c??? nam l???n n??? ?????u v?? li??m s???. B??n ngo??i ho??ng th??nh, c??c k??? vi???n m???c l??n nh?? n???m, tr??n ng???p ??m nh???c v?? ca h??t. Nh???ng ng?????i d??n th?????ng ch???t v???t ki???m s???ng th?????ng d??? d??? m???t s??? c?? g??i ??n m??y v?? l???p n??n c??c k??? vi???n ri??ng, ???????c g???i l?? k??? vi???n. H??? th?????ng c?? m???t c???a s??? tr???i trong ph??ng v?? hai ho???c ba l??? nh??? kho??t tr??n t?????ng h?????ng ra ???????ng. Nh???ng c?? g??i ??n m??y s??? ??n m???c ch???nh t???, ng???i kho??? th??n b??n trong, v???a ng??m th?? v???a l??m nh???ng ?????ng t??c khi??u d??m. Nh???ng ch??ng trai tr??? nh?? Ph?? L?????ng ??i ngang qua, nh??n qua l??? h???ng. Kh??ng c?????ng l???i ???????c, h??? g?? c???a b?????c v??o. M???t h??ng d??i nh???ng c?? g??i ??n m??y kh???a th??n ti???n ?????n, nh???ng ai ph?? h???p s??? tr??? b???y ?????ng ti???n, r???i n???m tay nhau l??n gi?????ng, m???t l??t sau r???i ??i.
Tri???u Thanh
N??m Ung Ch??nh th??? b???y (1729), Gi??? Ph????ng T??? ???????c ?????i t??n th??nh H??a Th???nh T???, v?? t???t c??? nh???c c??ng t??? kh???p c??c v??ng ?????u b??? x??a t??n kh???i danh s??ch th?????ng d??n.
D?????i tri???u ?????i c???a Ho??ng ????? C??n Long, m???t ch??? d??? ???????c ban h??nh n??u r??: "B???n ??i???u ??c n??y l?? c?????p c???a, gi???t ng?????i, l??m b??? th????ng ch??n tay, ph?? nh?? c???a, v?? h???y ho???i ?????o ?????c c???a ng?????i d??n. Kh??ng c?? g?? h???i ng?????i t???t h??n nh???ng ??i???u n??y."
B??nh Xu??n L??? Y??n ????i n??i: "V??o th???i Gia Kh??nh v?? ?????o Quang, s??u ph??? c???m ng???t; trai h??t rong kh???p n??i, v?? c??c quan v??n B??nh Khang kh??ng d??m ??? ????. C??c s?? t??? v?? quan l???i c??ng s??? nh???ng chuy???n b???t ng???, n??n kh??ng mu???n g???n g??i v???i g??i m???i d??m." "Tr?????c th???i ?????o Quang, kinh th??nh coi tr???ng g??i m???i d??m nh???t, v?? r???t ??t nh?? th???."
Kinh Hoa Xu??n M???ng L???: "V??o gi???a th???i Quang T??? c???a nh?? Thanh, tr??o l??u trai h??t rong v?? g??i m???i d??m r???t th???nh h??nh, v?? c??c s?? t??? v?? quan l???i trong tri???u ?????u x???u h??? v?? c?? g??i m???i d??m." Khi Th???ch H???ng B???o, ng?????i H??ng Ch??u, ?????n Ph??c Ki???n, ch???ng ki???n c???nh ph??? n??? Ph??c Ch??u h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m tr??n thuy???n: "??? Nam ????i c?? m???t lo???i thuy???n, m??i che b???ng v??n. Tr?????c sau ?????u c?? c???a, tr??i ph???i ?????u c?? c???a s???, gi???a thuy???n c?? gi?????ng c?? b??n. Ba n??m k??? n??? xinh ?????p ??i c??ng ????n kh??ch, qua l???i gi???a s??ng H???ng ???????ng v?? c???a s??ng. Thuy???n n??y g???i l?? thuy???n n???m. Quan l???i, th????ng nh??n gi??u c?? ?????u ???????c m???i ?????n ????n ti???p, ti???n kh??ch. ????n ????? r?????u xanh, tr??c t????i, l???a tr???ng, nh???ng kh??c ca m???ng m??. N?? ?????p m?? h???n nh?? Lo???n Thi??n ??? Qu???ng ????ng, H???ng C??c ??? Chi???t Giang."
Thanh B???ch L??i Tri???u ghi ch??p: "??? Gia ???ng Kh??c B???, Tri???u Ch??u, m???t n???a l?? con g??i nh?? Tanka... Khi m???t c?? g??i sinh ra, t??y theo nhan s???c m?? ???????c gi??? l???i ????? d??ng, ho???c b??n cho thuy???n b??n c???nh. Cha m??? v?? anh em trai th?????ng ?????n th??m. Khi l???n l??n, c?? b?? s??? ???????c m???c ??o l???a v?? th???i s??o. D?????ng nh?? ????y l?? m???t phong t???c khi???n c?? b?? kh??ng th??? tr??nh kh???i vi???c tr??? th??nh g??i m???i d??m." .Nguy??n Mai n??i: "Su???t hai ng??n n??m, m???i d??m l?? m???t t???p t???c m?? kh??ng m???t b???c qu??n v????ng hay ?????c quan n??o c?? th??? c???m ??o??n. C??ng nh?? c??c nh?? s??, ?????o s?? v?? ch??a chi???n, n?? v???n lan tr??n kh???p c??? n?????c v?? l?? m???t c??ch t???t ????? ti???p ????i nh???ng ng?????i nh??n r???i."
"Th???i H??m Phong, m???i d??m r???t th???nh h??nh. Trong nh???ng ng?? h???m nh?? Y??n Chi Th???ch ?????u, nh?? n??o c??ng treo ????n l???ng b???ng v???i g???m v?? treo thi???p ????? tr?????c c???a. M???i bu???i chi???u, xe ng???a v?? kh??ch kh???a t???p n???p ?????n, ti???ng ng?????i g???i r?????u ti???n kh??ch vang l??n inh ???i su???t ????m. C??c s?? t??? v?? quan l???i ???? quen v???i ??i???u ???? v?? kh??ng c??n th???y l??? l???m n???a."
????? Ho??ng theo Wikipedia, b??ch khoa to??n th?? m???