NUKEVIET

?????o ????c kinh

CH????NG 7
THAO QUANG
??? ???
H??n v??n:
??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.
Phi??n ??m:
1. Thi??n tr?????ng, ?????a c???u. Thi??n ?????a s??? d?? n??ng tr?????ng th??? c???u gi???, d?? k??? b???t t??? sinh, c??? n??ng tr?????ng sinh.
2. Th??? d?? th??nh nh??n, h???u k??? th??n nhi th??n ti??n, ngo???i k??? th??n nhi th??n t???n.
3. Phi d?? k??? v?? t?? da? C??? n??ng th??nh k??? t??.
D???ch ngh??a:
Tr???i d??i, ?????t l??u. Tr???i ?????t s??? d?? d??i l??u ch??nh v?? kh??ng s???ng cho m??nh, v?? th??? n??n tr?????ng sinh.
V?? v???y th??nh nh??n ????? th??n ra sau m?? th??n ??? tr?????c; ????? th??n ra ngo??i m?? th??n c??n.
Ph???i ch??ng v?? kh??ng ri??ng t??y, n??n v???n th??nh ???????c c??i ri??ng t??y?
????? Ho??ng d???ch th??::
Thi??n tr?????ng ?????a c???u kh??ng d???ng
Cho thi??n h??? kh??ng ng???ng ph??t sinh.
Th??nh nh??n b??c th???n t??nh
Th??n ra sau m?? hi???n linh m??i c??n.
Ph???i kh??ng v????ng b???n n??i non
C??ng th??nh m??i m??i v???n tr??n ri??ng t??y!

?????o ?????c kinh

CH????NG 9
V???N DI
??? ???
H??n v??n:
??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ???, ??? ??? ???.
Phi??n ??m:
1. Tr?? nhi doanh chi b???t nh?? k??? d??.
2. S???y nhi nhu??? chi b???t kh??? tr?????ng b???o.
3. Kim ng???c m??n ???????ng, m???c chi n??ng th???.
4. Ph?? qu?? nhi ki??u, t??? di k??? c???u.
5. C??ng th??nh, danh to???i, th??n thi??n chi ?????o.
D???ch ngh??a:
1. Gi??? m?? l??m cho ?????y m??i, kh??ng b???ng d???ng l???i.
2. M??i cho nh???n, cho s???c kh??ng gi??? ???????c l??u.
3. V??ng ng???c ?????y nh??, ch???ng th??? gi??? ???????c.
4. Gi??u sang m?? ki??u c??ng, s??? t??? v???i tai h???a.
5. Th??nh c??ng, th??nh danh r???i th???i n??n lui th??n, ???y l?? ?????o Tr???i.
????? Ho??ng d???ch th??:
L??m ?????y m??i , kh??ng b???ng d???ng lai
Nh???n s??c sao gi??? m??i ??????c l??u
C??ng nh?? v??ng ng???c, nh?? l???u
Ki??u c??ng t???t s???p b??n s??u ai ng???
Th??nh c??ng r???i n??n n??n ng?? v???i ng??c
Th??nh c??ng r???i an l???c ?????o Tr???i!
Th??nh danh n??n bi???t ngh??? ng??i
D??? th??nh b??c th??nh tr??n ?????i kh??ng ngoa.

Dao ?????c kinh (ti???p)

CH????NG 10
N??NG VI
??? ???
H??n v??n:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???.
Phi??n ??m:
1. T???i doanh ph??ch b??o nh???t n??ng v?? ly h????
2. Chuy??n kh?? tr?? nhu, n??ng anh nhi h????
3. D???ch tr??? huy???n l??m, n??ng v?? t?? h????
4. ??i d??n tr??? qu???c n??ng v?? vi h????
5. Thi??n m??n khai h???p, n??ng v?? th?? h????
6. Minh b???ch t??? ?????t n??ng v?? tri h????
7. Sinh nhi s??c chi, sinh nhi b???t h???u, vi nhi b???t th???, tr?????ng chi b???t t???, th??? v??? huy???n ?????c.
D???ch ngh??a:
N??ng vi (L??m ???????c kh??ng?)
1. C?? th??? ??em h???n ph??ch ??m ???p l???y ?????o, kh??ng l??a xa ch??ng?
2. C?? th??? gi??? cho nguy??n kh?? kh??ng t??n lo???n, gi??? v???n thi??n ch??n, ho??n to??n theo ???????c ?????o Tr???i, (?????nh lu???t tr???i ?????t) nh?? anh nhi ch??ng?
3. C?? th??? t???y tr??? ???????c (tr???n c???u), gi??? ???????c cho g????ng l??ng trong s??ng kh??ng t?? v???t ch??ng?
4. C?? th??? y??u d??n tr??? n?????c, m?? v???n v?? vi ch??ng?
5. C?? tr???i m??? ????ng, c?? th??? thu???n ???ng nh?? con m??i ch??
6. C?? th??? s??ng su???t m?? nh?? ng?????i v?? tri ch??ng?
7. Sinh d?????ng v???n v???t; s???ng m?? v???n nh?? kh??ng c??; l??m m?? kh??ng c???y c??ng; khi???n cho l???n m?? kh??ng ????i l??m ch???, th??? l?? ?????c s??u xa v???y.
????? Ho??ng d???ch th??
V???n gi??? nguy??n c???a ta, nguy??n khi
Tr???u r??m m??i h??t b??? g????ng th???n
V?? vi tr??? n?????c y??u d??n
C?? tr???i thu???n ???ng mu??n ph??n nh?? kh??ng
S??ng su???t m?? nghi???p m?? l??ng g??y d???ng
D?????ng sinh t????ng ???ng v??nh h???ng.
T??i d?????ng sinh ??nh nh?? b??ng
Khi??m cung c??ng ?????c.s??nh b???ng cao xa

50 nhfvawn Trung Qu???c

op 50 Nh?? v??n Trung Qu???c Hi???n ?????i v?? ??????ng ?????i!
S??? 50 Tr????ng V??
Tr????ng V??, sinh th??ng 11 n??m 1956, qu?? ??? Long Kh???u, t???nh S??n ????ng. ??ng l?? m???t nh?? v??n ??????ng ?????i n???i ti???ng v?? hi???n l?? Ch??? t???ch H???i Nh?? v??n S??n ????ng. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "Thuy???n C???", "Truy???n ng??? ng??n th??ng Ch??n" v?? "Cao nguy??n".
S??? 49 Thi???t Ninh
Thi???t Ninh, sinh n??m 1957, l?? m???t nh?? v??n ??????ng ?????i v?? hi???n l?? Ch??? t???ch H???i Nh?? v??n Trung Qu???c v?? H???i Nh?? v??n H?? B???c. C??c t??c ph???m ch??nh c???a b?? bao g???m "C???ng Hoa H???ng", "Th??nh ph??? kh??ng m??a", "Ng?????i t???m s??ng", "?????ng r??m", "??i, H????ng Tuy???t" v?? "Ph??? n??? mang thai v?? b??". T???p ti???u lu???n "????m Tr???ng C???a Ph??? N???" c???a b?? ???? gi??nh Gi???i th?????ng V??n h???c L??? T???n ?????u ti??n t???i Trung Qu???c, v?? truy???n ng???n "M??i M??i Xa C??ch" c???a b?? ???? gi??nh Gi???i th?????ng V??n h???c L??? T???n l???n th??? hai.
S??? 48 Tam Mao
Tam Mao, t??n th???t l?? Tr???n M???u B??nh, sinh ra t???i Chu S??n, t???nh Chi???t Giang, t??? n??m 1943 ?????n n??m 1991. B?? ???? vi???t h??n m?????i t???p ti???u lu???n v?? ti???u thuy???t, bao g???m "Chuy???n T??? Sa M???c", "Con L???c ???? Kh??c", "M??a M??a S??? Kh??ng Bao Gi??? Tr??? L???i", "????m D???u Nh???", "M?? Bao Nhi??u Hoa R??i", "Nh??n T??? Ph??a Sau" v?? "Em Y??u". V??n xu??i c???a Tam Mao khai th??c nhi???u ch??? ?????, nhi???u trong s??? ???? th???m ?????m nh???ng c???m x??c k??? l???. V??n phong c???a b?? gi???n d???, l??ng m???n v?? quy???n r?? m???t c??ch ?????c ????o, th??? hi???n t??nh y??u c???a b?? ?????i v???i nh??n lo???i, cu???c s???ng, t??? do v?? thi??n nhi??n.
S??? 47 Tr????ng Ki???t
Tr????ng Ki???t, sinh n??m 1937 t???i B???c Kinh, l?? nh?? v??n h???ng nh???t to??n qu???c, m???t nh?? v??n c?? nh???ng ????ng g??p ?????c bi???t ???????c Qu???c v??? vi???n ghi nh???n, h???i vi??n H???i Nh?? v??n Trung Qu???c v?? Ph?? Ch??? t???ch H???i Nh?? v??n B???c Kinh. C??c t??c ph???m c???a Tr????ng Ki???t, t???p trung v??o ch??? ????? "nh??n v??n" v?? "t??nh y??u", th?????ng g??y tranh c??i trong gi???i v??n ch????ng. B?? kh??ng ng???ng m??? r???ng bi???u ?????t ngh??? thu???t, khai th??c t??m h???n con ng?????i v???i c???m x??c m??nh li???t, th??? hi???n nh???ng t??c ph???m tinh t???, s??u s???c v?? tao nh??. Ti???u thuy???t "C??nh N???ng" c???a b?? ???? gi??nh Gi???i th?????ng V??n h???c Mao Thu???n l???n th??? hai. Ti???u thuy???t "V?? Ng??n" c???a ??ng ???? gi??nh Gi???i th?????ng V??n h???c Mao Thu???n l???n th??? s??u. ??ng l?? nh?? v??n duy nh???t gi??nh ???????c hai Gi???i th?????ng V??n h???c Mao Thu???n.
S??? 46 A Th??nh
A Th??nh, sinh n??m 1949 t???i B???c Kinh, t??n th???t l?? Chung A Th??nh. T??c ph???m ti??u bi???u c???a ??ng l?? "Vua C???" v?? ??ng ???? vi???t k???ch b???n cho "Ph?? Dung Tr???n". ??ng l?? m???t ?????i di???n ti??u bi???u c???a d??ng ti???u thuy???t ??????ng ?????i t??m v??? c???i ngu???n, v???i nh???ng t??c ph???m ch???u ???nh h?????ng s??u s???c c???a v??n h??a truy???n th???ng Trung Hoa.
S??? 45 H??n Thi???u Cung
H??n Thi???u Cung, ???????c bi???t ?????n v???i c??c b??t danh nh?? Thi???u Cung v?? Ng?????i L??i ????, qu?? ??? Tr?????ng Sa, H??? Nam. ??ng l?? m???t nh??n v???t ch??? ch???t trong vi???c th??c ?????y "v??n h???c t??m g???c" v??o n??m 1985, xu???t b???n "V??n h???c c???i ngu???n" v?? ????? xu???t kh???u hi???u "t??m g???c". C??c t??c ph???m ????ng ch?? ?? nh???t c???a ??ng bao g???m "B??? B???" v?? "M?? Ki???u T??? ??i???n", th??? hi???n xu h?????ng khai th??c s???c m???nh t??? chi???u s??u c???a l???ch s??? v?? v??n h??a d??n t???c, th???m ?????m nh???ng h??m ?? tri???t h???c s??u s???c, v?? c?? t??c ?????ng ????ng k??? ?????n gi???i v??n h???c.
S??? 44 L??u Ch???n V??n
L??u Ch???n V??n sinh th??ng 5 n??m 1958 t???i huy???n Di??n T??n, t???nh H?? Nam. "M???t c??u ????ng gi?? v???n c??u" ???? gi??nh Gi???i th?????ng V??n h???c Mao Thu???n l???n th??? 8. Phong c??ch t??? s??? c???a ti???u thuy???t g???i nh??? ?????n nh???ng cu???n nh???t k?? hoang d?? c???a tri???u ?????i nh?? Minh v?? nh?? Thanh, v???i ng??n t??? s??c t??ch v?? s??? h??i h?????c s???ng ?????ng. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "M???t ?????ng L??ng V??", "T??n T??i L?? L??u D?????c Ti???n" v?? "M???t C??u N??i ????ng Gi?? Ng??n Ng?????i".
V??? tr?? th??? 43: V????ng Th?????c
V????ng Th?????c, m???t nh?? v??n v?? bi??n k???ch n???i ti???ng, b???t ?????u vi???t v??n v??o n??m 1978 v?? ???? xu???t b???n c??c ti???u thuy???t nh?? "Ch??i Cho C???m Gi??c M???nh", "Ch???t Sau C??n Nghi???n", "Nh???ng Lo??i Th?? D???" v?? "Tr??ng ?????p". Nh???ng ti???u thuy???t v?? th?? ?????u tay c???a ??ng d???a tr??n tr???i nghi???m l???n l??n trong doanh tr???i qu??n ?????i. Nh???ng ti???u thuy???t sau n??y c???a ??ng ph??t tri???n m???t phong c??ch ?????c ????o, ?????c tr??ng b???i nh???ng l???i tho???i d??? hi???u nh??ng s???ng ?????ng v?? l???i k??? chuy???n d?? d???m, ch??m bi???m, ch??? gi???u l???i di???n ng??n ?????c ??o??n v?? l???p tr?????ng tinh hoa c???a gi???i tr?? th???c. Sau ????, ??ng b?????c v??o l??nh v???c ??i???n ???nh v?? truy???n h??nh, ?????t ???????c th??nh c??ng v???i lo???t phim truy???n h??nh "Kh??t V???ng" v?? "Chuy???n Ban Bi??n T???p".
Gi???i 42: Tr????ng Th??nh Ch??
Tr????ng Th??nh Ch?? sinh n??m 1948 t???i B???c Kinh. ??ng ???? gi??nh Gi???i th?????ng Truy???n ng???n Qu???c gia l???n th??? Nh???t, Gi???i th?????ng Ti???u thuy???t Xu???t s???c Qu???c gia l???n th??? Hai v?? th??? Ba, v?? Gi???i th?????ng S??ng t??c V??n h???c D??n t???c thi???u s??? Qu???c gia. ??ng ???? xu???t b???n h??n 30 cu???n s??ch. Trong nh???ng n??m 1980 v?? 1990, ??ng ???????c bi???t ?????n v???i "kh?? ch???t duy t??m". C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m c??c t???p truy???n ng???n "H???c M??" v?? "B???c Giang" v?? ti???u thuy???t "?????ng C??? V??ng". Tr????ng Th??nh Ch?? s??? h???u m???t phong c??ch th???m m??? ?????c l???p, ph??ng kho??ng, trang nghi??m, s??u s???c, l???nh l??ng v?? n???ng n??n.
Gi???i 41: Th?? ????nh
Th?? ????nh, t??n th???t l?? Cung B???i Ng???c, sinh n??m 1952. Qu?? b?? ??? Tuy???n Ch??u, Ph??c Ki???n. B?? l?? m???t n??? thi s?? ??????ng ?????i v?? l?? ?????i di???n c???a tr?????ng ph??i Th?? M???ng. "?????n C??y S???i" l?? m???t t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u c???a tr?????ng ph??i Th?? M???ng, v?? b?? ngang h??ng v???i B???i Dao v?? C??? Th??nh. Tuy nhi??n, tr??n th???c t???, th?? b?? g???n g??i h??n v???i nh???ng nh?? th?? s??u s???c v?? truy???n th???ng h??n c???a th??? h??? tr?????c. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "Chi???c thuy???n bu???m", "Hoa di??n v?? bi???t h??t" v?? "Hoa th???y t???".
S??? 40: C??? Th??nh
C??? Th??nh, m???t nh??n v???t h??ng ?????u c???a Th?? M???ng, ???????c bi???t ?????n nh?? m???t nh?? th?? l??ng m???n theo ch??? ngh??a duy linh ??????ng ?????i. Nh???ng b??i th?? ?????u tay c???a ??ng mang phong c??ch ng??y th??, tr??? th?? v?? t??m tr???ng m?? m???ng, s??? d???ng ng??n ng??? tr???c gi??c v?? ???n t?????ng ????? ca ng???i cu???c s???ng tu???i tr??? nh?? trong truy???n c??? t??ch. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "M???t th??? h???", "M???t ??en", "Anh T???" v?? "Tr??ng ban ng??y".
S??? 39: ??inh Linh
??inh Linh (th??ng 10 n??m 1904 - th??ng 3 n??m 1986) qu?? ??? L??m L??, t???nh H??? Nam. B?? l?? m???t nh?? v??n v?? nh?? ho???t ?????ng x?? h???i ??????ng ?????i n???i ti???ng c???a Trung Qu???c. "Nh???t k?? c???a Ti???u th?? Sophia" v?? "M???t tr???i chi???u tr??n s??ng Tang Can" l?? nh???ng t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u c???a b??, v?? b?? ???? ???????c trao Gi???i th?????ng Stalin v??? V??n h???c v?? Ngh??? thu???t.
S??? 38: M???c ??an
M???c ??an (1918-1977), t??n th???t l?? Tra L????ng Ch??nh, l?? m???t nh?? th?? y??u n?????c v?? d???ch gi??? n???i ti???ng. T??? nh???ng n??m 1980, nhi???u chuy??n gia v??n h???c hi???n ?????i ???? coi ??ng l?? nh??n v???t h??ng ?????u c???a th?? ca hi???n ?????i. M???c ??an ???? k???t h???p ch??? ngh??a hi???n ?????i T??y ??u v???i th?? ca truy???n th???ng Trung Qu???c, t???o n??n m???t phong c??ch gi??u t??nh bi???u t?????ng v?? suy t?? t??m linh. ??ng l?? m???t nh?? th?? ti??u bi???u c???a "Tr?????ng ph??i th?? C???u Di???p". C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "Cu???c vi???n chinh", "Tuy???n t???p th?? M???c ??an" v?? "L?? c???".
S??? 37 B??nh T??n
B??nh T??n, t??n th???t l?? T??? Uy???n Anh, l?? m???t nh?? th??, nh?? v??n, d???ch gi??? v?? nh?? v??n thi???u nhi n???i ti???ng. B?? t???ng l?? Ch??? t???ch Danh d??? c???a ???y ban Trung ????ng Li??n ??o??n D??n ch??? Trung Qu???c, Ph?? Ch??? t???ch Li??n ??o??n V??n h???c Ngh??? thu???t Trung Qu???c, v?? Ch??? t???ch Danh d??? ki??m C??? v???n c???a H???i Nh?? v??n Trung Qu???c. Cu???c ?????i c???a B??nh T??n g???n li???n v???i nh???ng bi???n ?????ng c???a th??? k???, v?? b?? ???? mi???t m??i s??ng t??c trong su???t b???y m????i l??m n??m. B?? l?? m???t trong nh???ng ng?????i s??ng l???p Phong tr??o V??n h???c M???i. B?? l?? ng?????i ti??n phong cho nhi???u phong c??ch v??n h???c ???????c g???i l?? "Phong c??ch B??ng T??m" v?? c?? nh???ng ????ng g??p to l???n trong vi???c hi???n ?????i h??a v??n h???c. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "Nh???ng v?? sao", "N?????c su???i" v?? "Th?? g???i ?????c gi??? tr???".
S??? 36: T?? ?????ng
T?? ?????ng, qu?? ??? T?? Ch??u, t???nh Giang T??, l?? nh?? v??n chuy??n nghi???p th?????ng tr?? t???i Chi h???i Nh?? v??n Trung Qu???c t???i Giang T??. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "H???ng ph???n", "V??? ch???ng phi t???n", "B??? s??ng", "L??a g???o", "S??? nghi???p tri???u ????nh" v?? "Chim ho??ng y???n". Truy???n ng???n "V??? ch???ng phi t???n" c???a ??ng ???? ???????c chuy???n th??? th??nh phim "????n l???ng ????? treo cao" c???a Tr????ng Ngh??? M??u, ?????t ???????c nhi???u th??nh c??ng c??? trong n?????c l???n qu???c t???. Ti???u thuy???t "Chim s??? v??ng" c???a ??ng ???? gi??nh ???????c Gi???i th?????ng V??n h???c Mao Thu???n l???n th??? 9.
Gi???i 35: Tr????ng H??nh Th???y
Tr????ng H??nh Th???y, 1895-1967, l?? m???t nh?? v??n n???i ti???ng c???a th??? lo???i ti???u thuy???t ch????ng h???i v?? l?? ?????i di???n c???a tr?????ng ph??i V???t tr???i v?? B?????m. ??ng ???????c t??n s??ng l?? "b???c th???y c???a ti???u thuy???t ch????ng h???i" v?? l?? "b???c th???y v??n h???c ?????i ch??ng" ?????u ti??n trong l???ch s??? v??n h???c hi???n ?????i. C??c t??c ph???m c???a ??ng c?? c???t truy???n ph???c t???p v?? b??? c???c ch???t ch???, c?? c???u tr??c t???t, k???t h???p gi???a ti???u thuy???t ch????ng h???i truy???n th???ng c???a Trung Qu???c v???i k??? thu???t m???i c???a ti???u thuy???t ph????ng T??y. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "Th???i ?????i ho??ng kim", "N?????c m???t v?? ti???ng c?????i" v?? "Xu??n thu th???i nh?? Minh".
Gi???i 34: Tr???n Trung Th???c
Tr???n Trung Th???c l?? m???t nh?? v??n ??????ng ?????i n???i ti???ng c???a Trung Qu???c v?? l?? Ph?? Ch??? t???ch H???i Nh?? v??n Trung Qu???c. "B???ch L???c Nguy??n" l?? t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u c???a ??ng. N??m 1997, "B???ch L???c Nguy??n" ???? gi??nh Gi???i th?????ng V??n h???c Mao Thu???n l???n th??? t??.
Gi???i 33: Qu??ch M???t Nh?????c
Qu??ch M???t Nh?????c, 1892-1978, qu?? ??? L???c S??n, t???nh T??? Xuy??n, l?? m???t nh?? v??n, nh?? vi???t k???ch, nh?? th??, s??? gia v?? nh?? c??? t??? h???c n???i ti???ng. ??ng l?? ng?????i s??ng l???p ra th?? ca hi???n ?????i Trung Qu???c. T???p th?? ti??u bi???u c???a ??ng, "N??? th???n", ???? tho??t kh???i nh???ng r??ng bu???c c???a th?? ca truy???n th???ng Trung Qu???c, ph???n ??nh tr???n v???n tinh th???n c???a Phong tr??o Ng?? T???. N?? ???? ti??n phong cho m???t th??? h??? phong c??ch th?? m???i trong l???ch s??? v??n h???c Trung Qu???c v?? l?? ?????i di???n ti??u bi???u c???a th?? ca l??ng m???n ??????ng ?????i. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "N??? th???n" v?? "T??i l?? Thi??n khuy???n".
Gi???i 32: L????ng S?? Kh??u
L????ng S?? Kh??u, th??ng 1 n??m 1903 - th??ng 11 n??m 1987, sinh ra t???i B???c Kinh. ??ng l?? m???t nh?? ti???u lu???n, h???c gi???, nh?? ph?? b??nh v??n h???c v?? d???ch gi??? n???i ti???ng c???a Trung Qu???c, v?? l?? chuy??n gia ?????u ti??n c???a Trung Qu???c v??? Shakespeare. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u c???a ??ng bao g???m "Ti???u lu???n t??? Yashe".
Gi???i 31: Tri???u Th??? L??
Tri???u Th??? L??, 1906-1970, qu?? ??? huy???n T???n Th???y, t???nh S??n T??y, l?? m???t ti???u thuy???t gia hi???n ?????i v?? Ngh??? s?? Nh??n d??n n???i ti???ng. Ti???u thuy???t c???a ??ng th?????ng l???y b???i c???nh n??ng th??n mi???n B???c Trung Qu???c, ph???n ??nh nh???ng thay ?????i trong x?? h???i n??ng th??n, nh???ng xung ?????t v?? ?????u tranh n???i b???, ?????ng th???i kh???c h???a nhi???u nh??n v???t n??ng th??n ??a d???ng. ??ng l?? ng?????i s??ng l???p "Tr?????ng ph??i S??n Di???u ??an". C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "Ti???u Nh??? H???c K???t H??n" v?? "Tam L?? Loan".
S??? 30: L??m Ng??? ???????ng
L??m Ng??? ???????ng l?? m???t trong nh???ng c???ng t??c vi??n ch??nh c???a "Yusi" (Nh???ng S???i T?? L???a) t??? n??m 1895 ?????n n??m 1976. N??m 1932, ??ng bi??n t???p t???p ch?? "Lu???n Ng???" xu???t b???n n???a k???. N??m 1935, ??ng th??nh l???p "Yuzhou Feng", chuy??n vi???t v??? t??? s??? v???i phong c??ch th?? th??i, tr??? th??nh m???t nh??n v???t ch??? ch???t c???a "Lu???n Ng??? ph??i". C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "Kho???nh Kh???c B???c Kinh", "Gi?? v?? H???c", v?? "?????t N?????c v?? Nh??n D??n".
S??? 29: V??n Nh???t ??a (Wen Yiduo)
V??n Nh???t ??a (11/1899 - 7/1946) l?? m???t nh?? y??u n?????c v?? ?????i c???a Trung Qu???c hi???n ?????i, m???t chi???n s?? d??n ch??? ki??n c?????ng, m???t trong nh???ng l??nh t??? ?????u ti??n c???a ?????ng Minh D??n Ch??? Trung Qu???c, m???t nh?? th??, m???t h???c gi??? v?? m???t chi???n s?? d??n ch???. ??ng l?? m???t nh?? th?? ti??u bi???u c???a tr?????ng ph??i Tr??ng L?????i Li???m. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u c???a ??ng bao g???m "Ng???n n???n ?????" v?? "N?????c ch???t".
S??? 28: L???c Dao
L???c Dao (1949-1992) l?? m???t nh?? v??n Trung Qu???c ??????ng ?????i. Sinh ra trong m???t gia ????nh n??ng d??n nhi???u th??? h??? ??? mi???n b???c Thi???m T??y, ki???t t??c "Th??? gi???i b??nh th?????ng" c???a ??ng, v???i s??? h??ng tr??ng v?? ch???t s??? thi, mang ?????n m???t c??i nh??n to??n c???nh v??? nh???ng thay ?????i s??u s???c trong ?????i s???ng x?? h???i, t?? t?????ng v?? c???m x??c c???a ng?????i d??n ??? th??nh th??? v?? n??ng th??n Trung Qu???c th???i k??? c???i c??ch. T??c ph???m ???? gi??nh Gi???i th?????ng V??n h???c Mao Thu???n l???n th??? ba.
S??? 27: Ti???u H???ng
Ti???u H???ng l?? m???t n??? nh?? v??n Trung Qu???c hi???n ?????i n???i ti???ng. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u c???a b?? bao g???m "C??nh ?????ng sinh t???", "Cu???c s???ng c?? ?????c", "H???t c??t", "M?? B?? L???c" v?? "H??? Lan truy???n". Trong l???ch s??? ti???u thuy???t Trung Qu???c hi???n ?????i, nh???ng t??c ph???m nh?? "C??nh ?????ng sinh t???" v?? "H??? Lan truy???n" ???? nu??i d?????ng v?? t???o n??n m???t phong c??ch v??n h???c ?????c ????o mang phong c??ch Ti??u H???ng - phong c??ch v??n xu??i c???a ti???u thuy???t Trung Qu???c hi???n ?????i. ?? ngh??a c???a n?? n???m ??? vi???c "thu h???p kho???ng c??ch gi???a v??n h???c hi???n ?????i v?? v??n h???c truy???n th???ng v??? m???t ?? th???c th???m m???".
S??? 26: B???ch Hi???n D??ng
B???ch Hi???n D??ng, sinh th??ng 7 n??m 1937, l?? m???t nh?? v??n ??????ng ?????i n???i ti???ng c???a ????i Loan. ??ng l?? con trai c???a B???ch S??ng Hy, m???t v??? t?????ng c???p cao c???a Qu???c D??n ?????ng. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "Ng?????i ????i B???c", "M???ng trong v?????n" v?? "Ng?????i New York".
S??? 25: D?? Quang Trung
D?? Quang Trung sinh th??ng 10 n??m 1928 t???i Nam Kinh. N??m 1953, ??ng ?????ng s??ng l???p H???i Th?? "Ng??i sao xanh" c??ng v???i T???n T??? H??o, Chung ?????nh V??n v?? nh???ng ng?????i kh??c. Ng??n ng??? v??n ch????ng c???a D?? Quang Trung ph???c t???p v?? lu??n bi???n ?????i, n??? l???c r??n luy???n m???t lo???i thu???c ti??n "trong l?? l???a ch??? H??n". V??? m???t th?? ca, D?? Quang Trung ???????c coi l?? m???t "ng?????i ??a th?? trong ngh??? thu???t". Phong c??ch c???a ??ng r???t ??a d???ng: nh???ng b??i th?? th??? hi???n kh??t v???ng v?? l?? t?????ng th?????ng h??ng tr??ng v?? vang d???i, trong khi nh???ng b??i th?? kh???c h???a n???i nh??? nh?? v?? t??nh y??u th?????ng tinh t??? v?? ??m d???u. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u bao g???m "N???i nh??? nh??", "L??ng v?? xanh", "Ch??? ????m tr??n thi??n ???????ng" v?? "B???ch ng???c kh??? qua".
S??? 24: Ai Thanh
Ai Thanh, qu?? ??? Kim Hoa, t???nh Chi???t Giang, l?? m???t nh?? th?? hi???n ?????i Trung Qu???c. ??ng ???????c coi l?? m???t trong nh???ng nh??n v???t h??ng ?????u c???a th?? ca Trung Qu???c hi???n ?????i. C??c t??c ph???m ch??nh c???a ??ng bao g???m "?????i Anh H?? - B?? v?? c???a t??i", "B??i ca tr??? v???" v?? "H??a th???ch c??". Tr?????c gi???i ph??ng, Ai Thanh ???? s??? d???ng l???i vi???t s??u s???c, n???ng nhi???t v?? ph??ng kho??ng ????? nguy???n r???a b??ng t???i v?? ca ng???i ??nh s??ng. Sau khi th??nh l???p n?????c C???ng h??a Nh??n d??n Trung Hoa, ??ng ca ng???i nh??n d??n, ca ng???i ??nh s??ng v?? suy ng???m v??? cu???c s???ng. Ai Thanh n???i ti???ng v???i nh???ng b??i h??t mang ?????m t??nh ngh??? thu???t c?? nh??n, th??? hi???n th???m m??? th?? ca c???a ??ng v??? "s??? gi???n d???, thu???n khi???t, t???p trung v?? s??ng su???t".
S??? 23 V????ng M???nh
V????ng M???nh, qu?? ??? Nam B??, t???nh H?? B???c, sinh th??ng 10 n??m 1934. ??ng l?? m???t nh?? v??n v?? h???c gi??? ??????ng ?????i Trung Qu???c. C??c t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u c???a ??ng bao g???m "Tu???i tr??? mu??n n??m" v?? "S??? chuy???n h??a c???a m???t con ng?????i ??ang s???ng". C??c t??c ph???m c???a ??ng ph???n ??nh h??nh tr??nh gian nan c???a ng?????i d??n Trung Qu???c tr??n con ???????ng ti???n l??n. Tinh th???n l???c quan v?? nhi???t huy???t ???? ????a ??ng tr??? th??nh m???t trong nh???ng nh?? v??n sung m??n v?? s??ng t???o nh???t trong v??n h???c ??????ng ?????i. N??m 2015, ti???u thuy???t "Phong c???nh n??i ????y" c???a ??ng ???? gi??nh ???????c Gi???i th?????ng V??n h???c Mao Thu???n l???n th??? ch??n.
S??? 22 T??n L??
T??n L??, t??n th???t l?? T??n Th???c Hu??n, l?? ng?????i s??ng l???p "Tr?????ng ph??i Li??n Tr??". Tr?????c khi ???????c gi???i ph??ng, ??ng ???? v??? n??n nh???ng b???c ch??n dung v??n h???c chj H???i nh?? v??n T??? Xuy??n. Khi 41 tu??i, ??ng gi??nh gi???i th?????ng Mo Thuunng, t???nh T??? Xuy??n. ??ng l?? m???t nh?? v??n ??????ng ?????i n???i ti???ng v?? l?? Ch??? t???ch H???i Nh?? v??n T??? Xuy??n. N??m 2000, khi m???i 41 tu???i, Alai ???? gi??nh Gi???i th?????ng V??n h???c Mao Thu???n l???n th??? n??m cho ti???u thuy???t "B???i l???ng", tr??? th??nh ng?????i chi???n th???ng Gi???i th?????ng V??n h???c Mao Thu???n.
(c??n n???a)
D??? Ho??ng theo T??n Hoa X??
Nh?? v??n M???c Ng??n

Do truong

?? ki???n c???a Ng?? Hi???n:
- "N???u kh??ng ?????c nh???ng b??i ph???n bi???n th?? c???a ????? Ho??ng th?? t??i v???n ngh?? m???y ??ng ch??? t???ch h???i Nh?? V??n nh?? Nguy???n Quang Thi???u v?? ?????i ng?? l??nh ?????o V??n h??a v??n ngh??? nu??c nh?? c??ng x???p x??? ?????i lo???i nh?? l??nh ?????o c??c ng??nh kh??c. Ngh??a l?? n?? c??ng g???m ph???n l???n l?? nh???ng k??? c?? h???i, v??? l???i, b???t t??i, d???i tr??n l???a d?????i???nh??ng ??t ra n?? c??ng c?? ch??t ki???n th??c c???a ng??nh n?? ph??? tr??ch. ?????ng n??y m???y ??ng ch??m Nh?? Th?? m?? ch???ng c?? t?? g?? g???i l?? th?? c???. Th?? g?? m?? gh?? t???m nh?? b??i m???a c???a ng?????i say. Kh??ng th??? ng???i ???????c, m?? ??ng ???y d???ch ra ???? l?? m??i c???a l???a hay ???s??? m???t ng??? c???a l???a??????
Th???m ch?? t??i c??n ch???ng hi???u ??ng ???y ?????nh n??i g??, th?? tr??? con v?? nh???ng ng?????i lao ?????ng hi???u sao n???i. V???y c??c ??ng ???y vi???t cho ai? Vi???t ????? l??m g???
T??i ????? ngh??? ??ng ????? Ho??ng ?????ng ra l??m cu???c c??ch m???ng t???y chay c??i l???i th?? ca b???nh ho???n, di t???t ???y ??i, l???y l???i s??? trong s??ng c???a ng??n ng??? n??i chung v?? th?? ca n??i ri??ng. ???? th??? l???i c??n b?? v??o s??ch gi??o khoa cho con tr???. C??? ???? n??y,
T??i e r???ng kh??ng l??u n???a, th??? h??? tr??? Vi???t Nam s??? kh??ng n??i v???i nhau b???ng ng??n ng??? lo??i ng?????i n??a ????u!"

L?? T???n ?????ng ?????u

L??? T???n ?????ng ?????u v?? Gi??? B??nh Ao ?????ng th??? s??u trong "60 nh?? v??n v?? ?????i nh???t th??? k???". C?? s??? cho ??i???u n??y l?? g???
B??i vi???t c???a ??o??n H???ng C????ng
Vi???c t??m t???t nh???ng th??nh t???u v??n h???c trong m???t kho???ng th???i gian c??? th??? v?? x???p h???ng c??c nh?? v??n theo th??? h???ng v???n r???t kh?? kh??n.
Th??? nh???t, v??n h???c thu???c v??? khoa h???c nh??n v??n, v?? gi?? tr??? th???c ti???n c???a n?? th???p h??n ????ng k??? so v???i khoa h???c t??? nhi??n v?? khoa h???c x?? h???i. Kh??ng gi???ng nh?? khoa h???c x?? h???i, n?? c?? th??? mang l???i l???i ??ch tr???c ti???p cho nh??n lo???i v?? t???o ra k???t qu??? t???c th???i. Khoa h???c t??? nhi??n v?? khoa h???c x?? h???i c?? nhi???u ??i???m chung, cho ph??p nhi???u ph????ng ph??p nghi??n c???u kh??c nhau. Tuy nhi??n, v??n h???c th?? kh??ng th???. X??t v??? m???t bi???u ?????t s??ng t???o, v??n h???c l?? m???t h??nh th???c bi???u ?????t si??u h??nh v?? mang t??nh c?? nh??n, ????? cao t??nh ?????c ????o c?? nh??n v?? c??c h??nh th???c bi???u ?????t ??a d???ng. T??c ?????ng c???a v??n h???c ?????i v???i ng?????i ?????c kh??ng ph???i l?? v???t ch???t, m?? l?? s??? nu??i d?????ng v?? ho??n thi???n v??? m???t tinh th???n.
Th??? hai, kh??ng c?? ti??u chu???n c??? ?????nh n??o cho vi???c di???n gi???i v??n h???c. C??ng m???t t??c ph???m v??n h???c c?? th??? ???????c hi???u theo nh???ng c??ch kh??c nhau b???i c??c ?????i t?????ng ?????c gi??? kh??c nhau, th?????ng gi???ng nh?? "m???t ng??n Hamlet". M???i ?????c gi???, do n???n t???ng v??n h??a, tr??nh ????? nh???n th???c, kinh nghi???m s???ng, hi???u bi???t s??u s???c v?? c??ch ti???p c???n kh??c nhau, c?? th??? ????a ra nhi???u c??ch di???n gi???i kh??c nhau. Vi???c di???n gi???i v??n h???c lu??n l?? v???n ????? quan ??i???m c?? nh??n, v?? ??i???u n??y l?? b??nh th?????ng.
V?? v???y, n???u m???t nh??m nh?? v??n ???????c t???p h???p l???i ????? x???p h???ng v?? ????nh gi?? ai m???nh h??n ai y???u h??n, ch???c ch???n s??? g??y ra tranh c??i.
H??n m???t th???p k??? tr?????c, m???t nh?? xu???t b???n ??? B???c Kinh ???? kh??ng ti???c c??ng s???c v?? nh??n l???c, m???i b???n chuy??n gia v??n h???c???B???ch Di???p, Tr???n Qu??n ????o, Ngh?? B???i Canh v?? H??? Thi???u Qu??n???l??m ng?????i l??n k??? ho???ch ch??nh. H??? c??ng m???i h??n 20 nh?? ph?? b??nh v??n h???c, gi??o s??, nh?? v??n v?? nh?? th??, bao g???m L??i ?????t, H???ng T??? Th??nh, T??? Mi??n, Tr??nh Quang V??, D????ng Khu??n H??n v?? Tr????ng Qu??nh. H??? ???? th??nh l???p m???t nh??m 25 ng?????i ???????c g???i l?? "???y ban Tuy???n ch???n Chuy??n gia V??n h???c N???i ti???ng Trung Qu???c Hi???n ?????i v?? ??????ng ?????i" v?? t??? ch???c m???t cu???c tuy???n ch???n mang t??n "60 Nh?? v??n c???a Th??? k???". B???ng c??ch ch???m ??i???m cho m???i nh?? v??n, h??? ???? ch???n ra 60 c??y ?????i th??? v??n h???c Trung Qu???c c???a th??? k??? 20.
????nh gi?? c???a chuy??n gia v?? ?????c gi??? m???i b??n chi???m 50%. Sau khi k???t qu??? ???????c c??ng b???, nhi???u ng?????i t??? ra ho??i nghi, g??y ra tranh c??i dai d???ng trong v?? ngo??i gi???i v??n ch????ng.

Tuy nhi??n, x??t theo ti??u ch?? tuy???n ch???n, ch??ng t????ng ?????i c??ng b???ng v?? kh??ch quan, v?? uy t??n c???a ch??ng l?? kh??ng th??? b??n c??i.
Tuy???n ch???n s?? b??? bao g???m 100 nh?? v??n ??????ng ?????i v?? hi???n ?????i c?? ???nh h?????ng, t??? s??u b???c th???y v?? ?????i c???a v??n h???c hi???n ?????i???L???, Qu??ch, Mao, B?? v?? T??o????????n c??c nh?? th?? nh?? V??n Nh???t ??ao, T??? Ch?? M???c, Ng???i T??nh, T??ng Kh??? Giai, C??? Th??nh, H???i T???, B???i ??ao v?? Th?? ????nh, c??ng nh?? c??c nh?? v??n ??????ng ?????i nh?? Tr???n Trung Th???c, L??? Nghi??u, Gi??? B??nh Ao, M???c Ng??n v?? D?? Hoa, v?? c??c ti???u thuy???t gia v?? hi???p nh?? Kim Dung, C??? Long v?? L????ng V?? Sinh. C?? th??? n??i r???ng c??c nh?? v??n thu???c m???i th??? lo???i v??n h???c ?????u c?? c?? h???i ???????c xem x??t.
Ban gi??m kh???o ???? ch???n t??? m???t ?????n b???n t??c ph???m ti??u bi???u c???a m???i t??c gi??? v?? ch???m ??i???m d???a tr??n gi?? tr??? v??n h???c v?? ???nh h?????ng c???a ch??ng. Sau ????, h???i ?????ng trao ph???n ????nh gi?? cu???i c??ng cho ?????c gi???, nh???ng ng?????i s??? ch???m ??i???m c??c t??c ph???m d???a tr??n m???c ????? y??u th??ch, kh??? n??ng ?????c hi???u v?? ch???t l?????ng v??n ch????ng. Cu???i c??ng, ??i???m s??? cu???i c??ng ???????c t??nh b???ng c??ch c???ng ??i???m c???a chuy??n gia v?? ?????c gi???, r???i chia ????i. ??i???m s??? cu???i c??ng n??y l?? c?? s??? duy nh???t ????? x???p h???ng c??c t??c gi???.
Cu???i c??ng, nh?? v??n L??? T???n (1881-1936) ???? gi??nh v??? tr?? ?????u ti??n m???t c??ch thuy???t ph???c, nh???n ???????c ??i???m tuy???t ?????i 100 t??? c??? ????nh gi?? c???a chuy??n gia v?? ?????c gi???, tr??? th??nh ng?????i chi???n th???ng duy nh???t ??? c??? hai h???ng m???c.
C??c v??? tr?? t??? 2 ?????n 10 l?? Tr????ng ??i Linh (1920-1995), Th???m T??ng V??n (1902-1988), L??o X?? (1899-1966), Mao Thu???n (1896-1981), Gi??? B??nh Ao (??????ng ?????i), B?? Ti???n (1904-2005), T??o V?? (1910-1996), Ti???n Trung Th?? (1910-1998), v?? D?? Hoa (??????ng ?????i).
N??m nh?? v??n kh??c nh???n ???????c ??i???m tuy???t ?????i t??? c??c chuy??n gia: Tr????ng ??i Linh, Th???m T??ng V??n, Mao ????n, T??o V?? v?? V????ng T??ng K??? (1920-1997). ??i???m ????nh gi?? c???a ?????c gi??? V????ng T??ng K??? ch??? ?????t 76, khi???n th??? h???ng chung c???a ??ng t???t xu???ng v??? tr?? th??? 11.
Tranh c??i xoay quanh danh s??ch n??y b???t ngu???n t??? n??m ??i???m sau: l???p lu???n ch??nh l?? m???t s??? nh?? v??n ???????c x???p h???ng qu?? cao ho???c qu?? th???p, kh??ng t????ng x???ng v???i s???c m???nh v?? danh ti???ng c???a h???.
?????u ti??n, top 10 bao g???m Gi??? B??nh Ao (x???p th??? 6) v?? D?? Hoa (x???p th??? 10). Nhi???u ?????c gi??? cho r???ng hai nh?? v??n ??????ng ?????i n??y ???????c x???p h???ng qu?? cao. ?????c bi???t, th??? h???ng c???a Gi??? B??nh Ao cao h??n ????ng ng???c nhi??n so v???i c??c ?????i v??n h??o nh?? Ba Kim, T??o Ngu, Qu??ch M???t Nh?????c (1892-1978), v?? Ti???n Trung Th??, v?? cao h??n nhi???u so v???i c??c b???c th???y v??n ch????ng nh?? Chu T??? Thanh (1898-1948), D?? ?????i Phu (1896-1945), ????i V???ng Th?? (1905-1950), T??n L??? (1903-2002), Ng???i Thanh (1910-1996), Tri???u Th???c Ly (1906-1970), L????ng S?? Thu (1903-1987), v?? L??u Thanh (1916-1978). Th??? h???ng c???a D?? Hoa c??ng cao h??n nhi???u b???c th???y v??n ch????ng kh??c.
Th??? hai, Qu??ch M???t Nh?????c ??t nh???t l?? m???t trong "L???c ?????i danh t??c" c???a v??n h???c hi???n ?????i, ch??? x???p sau L??? T???n, nh??ng ??ng l???i x???p th??? 33 trong danh s??ch n??y, m???t s??? t??nh to??n sai l???m nghi??m tr???ng.
Th??? ba, Kim Dung (1924-2018) ???????c x???p h???ng 15, nh??ng v???i t?? c??ch l?? m???t ti???u thuy???t gia v?? hi???p ho???t ?????ng ngo??i gi???i v??n h???c ch??nh th???ng, th??? h???ng c???a ??ng c?? ph???n b??? ????nh gi?? qu?? cao.
Th??? t??, danh s??ch n??y th?????ng ????nh gi?? th???p c??c nh?? th?? ????? thi??n v??? c??c ti???u thuy???t gia. Nh?? th?? ???????c x???p h???ng cao nh???t, T??? Ch?? M???c (1897-1931), ch??? x???p h???ng 12.
Th??? n??m, th??? h???ng 2 c???a Tr????ng ??i Linh ????ng ????? gi???i v??n ch????ng suy ng???m.
Th??? s??u, th??? h???ng 12 c???a M???c Ng??n b??? m???t s??? ?????c gi??? cho l?? h??i th???p.
Ti???p theo, ch??ng ta h??y c??ng ph??n t??ch t???ng t??c ph???m g??y tranh c??i n??y.
C??c t??c ph???m c???a Gi??? B??nh Ao g???i d??? thi l?? "Ph???c T???", "Cao L??o Trang" v?? "Phi ?????". Trong s??? 25 th??nh vi??n h???i ?????ng chuy??n m??n, c?? 24 ng?????i ???? b??nh ch???n cho ??ng. ??i???u n??y c?? ngh??a l??, ngo??i L??? T???n, Tr????ng ??i Linh, Th???m T??ng V??n, Mao ????n, T??o Ngu v?? V????ng T??ng K???, t???t c??? ?????u ?????t ??i???m tuy???t ?????i, Gi??? B??nh Ao nh???n ???????c ????nh gi?? cao nh???t t??? chuy??n gia, ????y l?? l?? do ch??nh khi???n ??ng x???p th??? s??u.
H??n n???a, Gi??? B??nh Ao l?? m???t nh?? v??n ??????ng ?????i, g???n g??i v???i cu???c s???ng c???a ch??ng ta. Ti???u thuy???t c???a ??ng ch??? y???u t???p trung v??o ????? t??i n??ng th??n, v?? v??n h???c n??ng th??n ???????c ????ng ?????o ?????c gi??? Trung Qu???c ????n nh???n v?? ???ng h??? m???nh m???. Do ????, Gi??? B??nh Ao c?? l???i th??? v??? l?????ng ?????c gi???, g??p ph???n v??o th??? h???ng chung c???a ??ng.
Th??? h???ng cao c???a D?? Hoa c??ng xu???t ph??t t??? nh???ng l?? do t????ng t???.

Th??nh t???u v??n h???c c???a Qu??ch M???t Nh?????c ch??? y???u ???????c th??? hi???n qua th?? ca. C??c t??c ph???m c???a ??ng n???i ti???ng v???i ch???t tr??? t??nh cao c???, v?? ??ng th?????ng ca ng???i h??nh ???nh v?? ?????i v?? ho??n h???o. C??c ti??u chu???n th???m m??? hi???n ?????i kh??ng khuy???n kh??ch phong c??ch th?? n??y, ????y l?? l?? do ch??nh khi???n Qu??ch M???t Nh?????c x???p h???ng th???p.
Th??? h???ng c???a Kim Dung ch??? y???u ???????c n??ng l??n nh??? ?????c gi???, v???i s??? ??i???m 98, ch??? ?????ng sau L??? T???n (100 ??i???m) v?? Ti???n Tr???ng Th?? (99 ??i???m). ??i???u n??y ch???ng t??? ?????c gi??? c?? ???nh h?????ng ????ng k??? ?????n ch???t l?????ng t??c ph???m c???a m???t nh?? v??n. T????ng t??? nh?? Kim Dung, nh?? v??n ??????ng ?????i L??? Di???u (1949-1992) c??ng d???a v??o s??? ???ng h??? c???a ?????c gi??? ????? ?????t ???????c th??? h???ng cao.
L?? do ch??nh khi???n c??c nh?? th?? th?????ng x???p h???ng th???p l?? v?? th?? ch??? y???u mang t??nh tr??? t??nh, ??t t??? v?? ph???m vi h???n ch???. So v???i ti???u thuy???t, th?? thi???u chi???u s??u, b??? r???ng v?? chi???u s??u bi???u ?????t. Th??? h???ng chung c???a c??c nh?? th?? b??? h??? th???p b???i ch??? ?????, ch??? kh??ng ph???i b???i s???c m???nh c???a h???.
Vi???c Tr????ng ??i Linh x???p th??? hai cho th???y m???t ch??n l??: ch??? nh???ng t??c ph???m thu h??t c??? gi???i th?????ng l??u l???n ?????i ch??ng m???i th???c s??? hay. C??? gi???i chuy??n m??n l???n ?????c gi??? ?????u tr??n tr???ng nh???ng t??c ph???m thu h??t c??? gi???i th?????ng l??u l???n ?????i ch??ng, v?? h??? s??? d??nh nhi???u l???i khen ng???i cho ch??ng.
M???c Ng??n, ?????ng h???ng 12 v???i T??? Ch?? M???c, x???p th??? 12, v?? v???i nhi???u nh?? v??n l???n ???????c c??ng nh???n ?????ng sau ??ng, ????y l?? m???t th??? h???ng ????ng n???. Tuy nhi??n, sau khi M???c Ng??n gi??nh gi???i Nobel V??n h???c n??m 2012, danh ti???ng v?? s???c ???nh h?????ng c???a ??ng ???? t??ng v???t. Nhi???u ?????c gi??? ??????ng ?????i tin r???ng M???c Ng??n c?? th??? d??? d??ng l???t v??o top 5, ho???c ??t nh???t l?? kh??ng thua k??m nh?? v??n c??ng th???i Gi??? B??nh Ao.
Quan ??i???m n??y th???c s??? ????ng. X??t v??? gi?? tr??? ngh??? thu???t v?? s???c ???nh h?????ng c???a c??c t??c ph???m, t??i tin M???c Ng??n c?? ????? kh??? n??ng l??m ???????c ??i???u ????.
T??c gi???: B??nh lu???n V??n h??a H???ng H??? Anh C????ng | 23/05/2020
????? Ho??ng theo Nh??n d??n nh???t b??o

?? kieenss cu??? Ng?? Hi???n

?? ki???n c???a Ng?? Hi???n: - "N???u kh??ng ?????c nh???ng b??i ph???n bi???n th?? c???a ????? Ho??ng th?? t??i v???n ngh?? m???y ??ng ch??? t???ch h???i Nh?? V??n nh?? Nguy???n Quang Thi???u v?? ?????i ng?? l??nh ?????o V??n h??a v??n ngh??? nu??c nh?? c??ng x???p x??? ?????i lo???i nh?? l??nh ?????o c??c ng??nh kh??c. Ngh??a l?? n?? c??ng g???m ph???n l???n l?? nh???ng k??? c?? h???i, v??? l???i, b???t t??i, d???i tr??n l???a d?????i???nh??ng ??t ra n?? c??ng c?? ch??t ki???n th??c c???a ng??nh n?? ph??? tr??ch. ?????ng n??y m???y ??ng ch??m Nh?? Th?? m?? ch???ng c?? t?? g?? g???i l?? th?? c???. Th?? g?? m?? gh?? t???m nh?? b??i m???a c???a ng?????i say. Kh??ng th??? ng???i ???????c, m?? ??ng ???y d???ch ra ???? l?? m??i c???a l???a hay ???s??? m???t ng??? c???a l???a??????Th???m ch?? t??i c??n ch???ng hi???u ??ng ???y ?????nh n??i g??, th?? tr??? con v?? nh???ng ng?????i lao ?????ng hi???u sao n???i. V???y c??c ??ng ???y vi???t cho ai? Vi???t ????? l??m g???T??i ????? ngh??? ??ng ????? Ho??ng ?????ng ra l??m cu???c c??ch m???ng t???y chay c??i l???i th?? ca b???nh ho???n, di t???t ???y ??i, l???y l???i s??? trong s??ng c???a ng??n ng??? n??i chung v?? th?? ca n??i ri??ng. ???? th??? l???i c??n b?? v??o s??ch gi??o khoa cho con tr???. C??? ???? n??y,T??i e r???ng kh??ng l??u n???a, th??? h??? tr??? Vi???t Nam s??? kh??ng n??i v???i nhau b???ng ng??n ng??? lo??i ng?????i n??a ????u!"

Mao Tr???ch ????ng

Mao Tr???ch ????ng
Th???i ?????i: Hi???n ?????i
(26 th??ng 12 n??m 1893 ??? 9 th??ng 9 n??m 1976), t??? l?? Nhu???n Chi (ban ?????u l?? Ung Chi, sau ?????i th??nh Nhu???n Chi), b??t danh l?? T??? Nh??n. Qu?? ??? T????ng ????m, t???nh H??? Nam. L?? m???t nh?? l??nh ?????o c???a nh??n d??n Trung Qu???c, m???t ng?????i theo ch??? ngh??a Marx, m???t nh?? c??ch m???ng v?? s???n v?? ?????i, m???t chi???n l?????c gia v?? nh?? l?? lu???n, ??ng l?? ng?????i s??ng l???p v?? l??nh ?????o ch??nh c???a ?????ng C???ng s???n Trung Qu???c, Qu??n Gi???i ph??ng Nh??n d??n v?? C???ng h??a Nh??n d??n Trung Hoa, ?????ng th???i l?? m???t nh?? th?? v?? nh?? th?? ph??p. T??? n??m 1949 ?????n n??m 1976, Mao Tr???ch ????ng gi??? ch???c v??? l??nh ?????o t???i cao c???a C???ng h??a Nh??n d??n Trung Hoa. Nh???ng ????ng g??p c???a ??ng cho s??? ph??t tri???n c???a ch??? ngh??a Marx-Lenin, l?? lu???n qu??n s??? v?? n???n t???ng l?? lu???n c???a ?????ng C???ng s???n ???????c g???i l?? T?? t?????ng Mao Tr???ch ????ng. V?? Mao Tr???ch ????ng n???m gi??? h???u h???t c??c ch???c v??? quan tr???ng, ??ng c??n ???????c g???i m???t c??ch k??nh tr???ng l?? "Ch??? t???ch Mao". Mao Tr???ch ????ng ???????c coi l?? m???t trong nh???ng nh??n v???t quan tr???ng nh???t trong l???ch s??? th??? gi???i hi???n ?????i v?? t???p ch?? Time ???? vinh danh ??ng l?? m???t trong 100 ng?????i c?? ???nh h?????ng nh???t th??? k??? 20.

T??u Th???n Ch??u 20 (ti???p)

Phi h??nh ??o??n Th???n Ch??u 20 ra m???t; Ch??? huy Tr???n ????ng b??y t??? s??? tin t?????ng v??o ?????i ng??.
(Tin th??m)
B??i vi???t c???a L??m Ch?? D??nh
Ng??y 23 th??ng 4, phi h??nh ??o??n Th???n Ch??u 20 g???m Tr???n ????ng, Tr???n Trung Th???y v?? V????ng Ki???t ???? c?? bu???i g???p g??? v???i gi???i truy???n th??ng Trung Qu???c v?? qu???c t??? t???i Trung t??m Ph??ng V??? tinh T???u Tuy???n.
Ba th??nh vi??n c???a phi h??nh ??o??n l???n l?????t l?? m???t phi c??ng v?? m???t k??? s??. Ch??? huy Tr???n ????ng b??y t??? s??? tin t?????ng v??o ?????i ng??, n??i r???ng h??? c?? th??? l??m ???????c m???i vi???c khi c??ng nhau; nh??ng
Tr???n ????ng b??y t??? hy v???ng s??? t??ch l??y th??m kinh nghi???m v?? ?????t ph?? th??ng qua chuy???n bay. Anh cho bi???t s??? d???c to??n l???c, d???n d???t phi h??nh ??o??n ho??n th??nh nhi???m v??? ???????c giao v?? d??ng c???m ti???n v??o v?? tr??? bao la.
Tr???n ????ng cho bi???t phi h??nh ??o??n Th???n Ch??u 20 ???? tr???i qua kh??a hu???n luy???n ?????ng ?????i chuy??n s??u, c?? s??? hi???u bi???t s??u s???c v?? m???i quan h??? g???n k???t ch???t ch???. ?????i ng?? ???? th??? hi???n c??? k??? n??ng ??i???u khi???n ch??nh x??c v?? t?? duy nhanh nh???y c???a phi c??ng, c??ng nh?? ph????ng ph??p ti???p c???n nghi??m ng???t v?? n???n t???ng l?? thuy???t v???ng ch???c c???a c??c k??? s??. C??? ba ng?????i ?????u si??ng n??ng, ki??n c?????ng, t??? m??? v?? ??o??n k???t, ????ng g??p tr?? tu??? v?? s???c m???nh c???a m??nh cho s??? m???nh. T??i ho??n to??n tin t?????ng v??o ?????i ng?? c???a ch??ng t??i: c??ng nhau, ch??ng t??i c?? th??? h???p nh???t ngu???n l???c; t??ch ra, m???i ng?????i ch??ng t??i c?? th??? ho??n th??nh nhi???m v??? v?? t??? l???p. Tr???n ????ng, phi h??nh gia c???a s??? m???nh bay v?? tr??? c?? ng?????i l??i Th???n Ch??u 20.
Tr???n Trung Th???y, c???u phi c??ng chi???n ?????u, cho bi???t s??? ph??t tri???n c???a ng??nh h??ng kh??ng v?? tr??? mang l???i cho anh ni???m t??? h??o to l???n. Anh c???m th???y may m???n khi c?? th??? k???t n???i ch???t ch??? gi???c m?? c?? nh??n c???a m??nh v???i Gi???c m?? Trung Hoa v?? gi???c m?? kh??ng gian. "V???i tr??i tim r???ng m???, ????i ch??n v???ng v??ng, ch??ng ta theo ??u???i ?????c m?? v????n t???i thi??n ???????ng v?? s???ng tr???n v???n tu???i tr???." Tr???n Tr???ng Du???, phi h??nh gia c???a s??? m???nh du h??nh v?? tr??? c?? ng?????i l??i Th???n Ch??u 20
V????ng Ki???t ph??t bi???u r???ng khi ?????c m?? c?? nh??n giao thoa v?? k???t n???i v???i s??? ph??t tri???n c???a qu???c gia, v?? khi ph???n ?????u v?? ch??ng, m???i n??? l???c ?????u t???a s??ng r???c r???, g??p ph???n x??y d???ng m???t c?????ng qu???c v?? tr???. Phi h??nh gia V????ng Ki???t c???a s??? m???nh du h??nh v?? tr??? c?? ng?????i l??i Th???n Ch??u 20Bu???i h???p b??o v??? s??? m???nh du h??nh v?? tr??? c?? ng?????i l??i Th???n Ch??u 20 th??ng b??o r???ng s??? m???nh du h??nh v?? tr??? c?? ng?????i l??i Th???n Ch??u 20 d??? ki???n s??? ???????c ph??ng l??c 17:17 th??? N??m, ng??y 24. Phi h??nh ??o??n Th???n Ch??u 20 bao g???m Tr???n ????ng, Tr???n Tr???ng Du??? v?? V????ng Ki???t, v???i Tr???n ????ng l??m ch??? huy.
Phi h??nh ??o??n bao g???m hai phi c??ng v?? m???t k??? s?? bay. Tr???n ????ng s??? tr??? th??nh phi h??nh gia ?????u ti??n trong nh??m th??? hai bay ba l???n. Tr???n Trung Th???y v?? V????ng Ki???t ?????u thu???c kh??a ba v?? s??? s???m th???c hi???n chuy???n bay ?????u ti??n.
Phi h??na nh?? phi h??nh: ??o??n Th???n Ch??u 20 s??? ??? l???i v?? tr??? trong s??u th??ng v?? d??? ki???n tr??? v??? Tr??i ?????t v??o cu???i th??ng 10.
????? Ho??ng theo T??n Hoa X??
???nh: Ba nh?? du h??nh t??u Th???n Ch??u - Tr???n ????ng Tr???n Trung Th???y, V????ng Ki???t

?????o ?????c kinh (ti???p)

?????O ?????C KINH ??? L??O T???
Ltg: ?????o ?????c kinh ???????c L??o T??? vi???t kho???ng 600 n??m tr?????c c??ng nguy??n. N?? l?? cu???n s??ch c???n thi???t cho ng?????i l??m d??n, l??m t?????ng, l??m vua??? Nhi???u b??i h???c ?????n nay v???n c??n h???u ??ch. T??i d???ch ra th?? t??? th???i tr??? (sinh vi??n) h???c Tam gi??o ??? Hu??? (1981 - 1984). Nay ????a n?? l??n m???ng ????? m???i
CH????NG 11
V?? D???NG
??? ???
H??n v??n:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.
Phi??n ??m:
1. Tam th???p ph??c,c???ng nh???t c???c.??????ng k??? v??, h???u xa chi d???ng.
2. Duy??n th???c d?? vi kh??. ??????ng k??? v??, h???u kh?? chi d???ng.
3. T???c h??? d?? d?? vi th???t. ??????ng k??? v??, h???u th???t chi d???ng.
4. C??? h???u chi d?? vi l???i, v?? chi d?? vi d???ng.
D???ch ngh??a:
1. Ba ch???c c??m, h???p l???i m???t b???u. Nh??? ch??? ??tr???ng kh??ng??, m???i c?? c??i d??ng c???a xe.
2. Nh??o ?????t ????? l??m ch??n b??t. Nh??? ch??? ??tr???ng kh??ng??, m???i c?? c??i d??ng c???a ch??n b??t.
3. ?????c c???a l???n, c???a s??? ????? l??m nh??; nh??? c?? ch??? tr???ng kh??ng, m???i c?? c??i d??ng c???a nh??.
4. Cho n??n l???y c??i ??c???? ????? l??m c??i l???i, l???y c??i ??kh??ng?? ????? l??m c??i d???ng.
????? Ho??ng d???ch th??:
Ba ch???c c??n m???i ra m???t ?????u
N??i tr???ng kh??ng ch??? b???u c??ng xe
Nh??o ????t b??t ch??n v??i ve
Ch??? kh??ng ra c?? b??t be ????? d??ng
C??? l???n nh??? c??ng chung ng??i v???
Nh??? tr??ng kh??ng n??n th??? ng??i nh??
L???y c??i c?? ????? l??m ra
T??? kh??ng bi???n h??a t??i ba v???t d??ng.
???? Ho??ng

?????o ?????c kinh (ti???p)

?????O ?????C KINH ??? L??O T???
Ltg: ?????o ?????c kinh ???????c L??o T??? vi???t kho???ng 600 n??m tr?????c c??ng nguy??n. N?? l?? cu???n s??ch c???n thi???t cho ng?????i l??m d??n, l??m t?????ng, l??m vua??? Nhi???u b??i h???c ?????n nay v???n c??n h???u ??ch. T??i d???ch ra th?? t??? th???i tr??? (sinh vi??n) h???c Tam gi??o ??? Hu??? (1981 - 1984). Nay ????a n?? l??n m???ng ????? m???i ng?????i tham kh???o!
???? Ho??ng
KI???M D???C
??? ???
H??n v??n:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.
Phi??n ??m:
1. Ng?? s???c l???nh nh??n m???c manh..Ng?? ??m l???nh nh??n nh?? lung. Ng?? v??? l???nh nh??n kh???u s???ng.. Tr?? s??nh, ??i???n li???p l???nh nh??n t??m ph??t cu???ng. Nan ?????c chi h??a, l???nh nh??n h??nh ph????ng.
2. Th??? d?? th??nh nh??n v??? ph??c b???t v??? m???c. C??? kh??? b??? th??? th???.
D???ch ngh??a:
1. N??m m??u khi???n ng?????i m?? m???t. N??m gi???ng khi???n ng?????i ??i???c tai. N??m m??i khi???n ng?????i t?? l?????i. Ru???i rong s??n b???n, khi???n l??ng ng?????i h??a cu???ng. C???a c???i kh?? ???????c, khi???n ng?????i b??? tai h???i.
2. B???i v???y, th??nh nh??n v?? b???ng kh??ng v?? m???t. N??n b??? c??i kia, l???y c??i n??y.
????? Ho??ng d???ch th??:
N??m m??u s???c l??m c??ng m?? m???t
N??m ti???ng k??u ng?????i ?????c ??i???c tai.
N??m m??i l?????i li???m l?? d??i
Ru???i rong s??n b???n ng?????i t??i h??a ??i??n
C???a c???i kho, ng?????i th??m b??? h???i
Th??nh nh??n th?????ng kinh h??i b???ng m??nh
Th?????ng t??m coi tr???ng m???t nh??n
Ch???n hay lo???i b??? ph???i tinh t???n t?????ng..

D???o ????c kinh (ti???p)

?????O ?????C KINH ??? L??O T???
Ltg: ?????o ?????c kinh ???????c L??o T??? vi???t kho???ng 600 n??m tr?????c c??ng nguy??n. N?? l?? cu???n s??ch c???n thi???t cho ng?????i l??m d??n, l??m t?????ng, l??m vua??? Nhi???u b??i h???c ?????n nay v???n c??n h???u ??ch. T??i d???ch ra th?? t??? th???i tr??? (sinh vi??n) h???c Tam gi??o ??? Hu??? (1981 - 1984). Nay ????a n?? l??n m???ng ????? m???i ng?????i tham kh???o!
???? Ho??ng
CH????NG 11
V?? D???NG
??? ???
H??n v??n:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.
Phi??n ??m:
1. Tam th???p ph??c,c???ng nh???t c???c.??????ng k??? v??, h???u xa chi d???ng.
2. Duy??n th???c d?? vi kh??. ??????ng k??? v??, h???u kh?? chi d???ng.
3. T???c h??? d?? d?? vi th???t. ??????ng k??? v??, h???u th???t chi d???ng.
4. C??? h???u chi d?? vi l???i, v?? chi d?? vi d???ng.
D???ch ngh??a:
1. Ba ch???c c??m, h???p l???i m???t b???u. Nh??? ch??? ??tr???ng kh??ng??, m???i c?? c??i d??ng c???a xe.
2. Nh??o ?????t ????? l??m ch??n b??t. Nh??? ch??? ??tr???ng kh??ng??, m???i c?? c??i d??ng c???a ch??n b??t.
3. ?????c c???a l???n, c???a s??? ????? l??m nh??; nh??? c?? ch??? tr???ng kh??ng, m???i c?? c??i d??ng c???a nh??.
4. Cho n??n l???y c??i ??c???? ????? l??m c??i l???i, l???y c??i ??kh??ng?? ????? l??m c??i d???ng.
????? Ho??ng d???ch th??:
Ba ch???c c??n m???i ra m???t ?????u
N??i tr???ng kh??ng ch??? b???u c??ng xe
Nh??o ????t b??t ch??n v??i ve
Ch??? kh??ng ra c?? b??t be ????? d??ng
C??? l???n nh??? c??ng chung ng??i v???
Nh??? tr??ng kh??ng n??n th??? ng??i nh??
L???y c??i c?? ????? l??m ra
T??? kh??ng bi???n h??a t??i ba v???t d??ng.

Mai d??m Trung Hoa c??

L???ch s??? t???i gi???n v??? m???i d??m ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i
G??i m???i d??m, hay g??i m???i d??m, l?? m???t ph???n c???a x?? h???i Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i trong h??ng ng??n n??m. H??? ch??nh th???c bi???n m???t kh???i l???ch s??? ch??? sau khi C???ng h??a Nh??n d??n Trung Hoa ???????c th??nh l???p. Do nh???ng t??c ?????ng ti??u c???c c???a ngh??? n??y ?????i v???i x?? h???i, ng?????i hi???n ?????i r???t k??n ti???ng v??? n??. H??n n???a, vi???c x??a b??? ngh??? n??y trong x?? h???i hi???n ?????i ???? d???n ?????n vi???c thi???u hi???u bi???t v??? b???n ch???t th???c s??? c???a n??.
Khi mi??u t??? ngh??? n??y trong v??n h???c, ??i???n ???nh v?? truy???n h??nh hi???n ?????i, th?????ng c?? hai th??i c???c. M???t l?? ????nh ?????ng m???i d??m v???i g??i m???i d??m v?? h??? th???p gi?? tr??? c???a h???. Hai l?? ????nh ?????ng t???t c??? g??i m???i d??m v???i nh???ng k??? n??? n???i ti???ng nh?? L?? Thi Thi v?? T?? Ti???u Hi???u, mi??u t??? h??? l?? nh???ng "ng?????i c?? h???c th???c" t??i n??ng. Tr??n th???c t???, c??? hai c??ch hi???u n??y ?????u kh??ng ?????y ????? v??? ngh??? n??y.
Kh??ng kh?? ????? hi???u ???????c nh???ng n??t chung c???a ngh??? n??y. C??ng c?? r???t nhi???u s??ch nghi??n c???u v??? ngh??? m???i d??m. V?? d???, "L???ch s??? k??? n??? Trung Qu???c" c???a V????ng Thu???n N??? v?? "K??? n??? v?? tr?? th???c" c???a Saito Shigeru ???? c?? nh???ng nghi??n c???u chi ti???t v??? ngh??? n??y. Ngo??i ra, c??n c?? nh???ng ti???u thuy???t mi??u t??? c??? th??? cu???c s???ng c???a nh???ng ng?????i h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m, ch???ng h???n nh?? "Hoa Th?????ng H???i" c???a H??n Bang Kh??nh, c??ng c?? th??? cung c???p cho ?????c gi??? m???t g??c nh??n ????? quan s??t "m???t ti???n v?? m???t h???u" c???a ngh??? n??y. B??i vi???t ng???n n??y nh???m m???c ????ch gi???i thi???u v??? ngh??? m???i d??m th???i x??a m???t c??ch ng???n g???n nh???t c?? th???, kh??ng mang n???i dung khi??u d??m, t???c t??u. ????? c??ng ch??ng hi???n ?????i c?? c??i nh??n kh??ch quan h??n v??? n??.
T??? "k??? n???" xu???t hi???n mu???n h??n nhi???u so v???i ngh??? m???i d??m. Theo c??c t??i li???u hi???n c??, c?? th??? suy ra r???ng ngh??? m???i d??m ???? xu???t hi???n mu???n nh???t v??o th???i Xu??n Thu, nh??ng v??o th???i ??i???m ????, ngh??? n??y kh??ng ???????c g???i l?? k??? n???.
K??? n??? kh??ng t???n t???i trong "Thuy???t v??n" c???a T??? Th???n th???i ????ng H??n. Tuy nhi??n, c?? hai t??? kh??c r???t li??n quan trong "Thuy???t v??n" l?? "changji" [1]. L???i gi???i th??ch c???a T??? Th???n v??? "changji" (changji) r???t ????n gi???n: "chang" ngh??a l?? "ca s??" v?? "ji" ngh??a l?? "ng?????i (nh???y m??a) ??i??u luy???n". ??i???u n??y cho th???y changji kh??ng ch??? y???u ph??n bi???t gi???i t??nh. H??n n???a, ngh??? nghi???p ch??nh c???a h??? kh??ng ph???i l?? ph???c v??? t??nh d???c, m?? l?? bi???u di???n ngh??? thu???t.
Tuy nhi??n, trong x?? h???i c??? ?????i, nh???ng ng?????i bi???u di???n changji c?? ?????a v??? x?? h???i r???t th???p, g???n gi???ng nh?? n?? l???, v?? h???u h???t ?????u thi???u t??? do c?? nh??n. Do ????, n???u nh???ng ng?????i bi???u di???n n??y l???t v??o m???t xanh c???a giai c???p th???ng tr???, h??? th?????ng ???????c k??? v???ng s??? cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c. X?? h???i c??? ?????i mang t??nh gia tr?????ng, v?? giai c???p th???ng tr??? ch??? y???u l?? nam gi???i. Do ????, ph??? n??? th?????ng l?? ng?????i cung c???p cho nh???ng ng?????i ????n ??ng n??y c??c bu???i bi???u di???n ngh??? thu???t, v?? do ????, cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c (m???c d?? giai c???p th???ng tr??? c?? h??nh vi kh??u g???i t??nh d???c kh??ng ph???i l?? hi???m ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i). Do ????, "changji" d???n d???n ph??t tri???n th??nh "proxy", v???i ch??? "woman" ???????c g???n v??o. Khi t??n g???i ph??t tri???n, ngh??? n??y ng??y c??ng m???t ??i b???n ch???t ngh??? thu???t v?? t???p trung h??n v??o vi???c cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c. M??i ?????n th???i nh?? Minh, nh???ng ng?????i h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m ch??? cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c, kh??ng tham gia bi???u di???n ngh??? thu???t, c??ng ???????c g???i l?? g??i m???i d??m.
Tuy nhi??n, ngay c??? tr?????c khi g??i m???i d??m v?? th???m ch?? c??? g??i m???i d??m xu???t hi???n, ngh??? n??y ???? t???n t???i. Khi ???? n?? ???????c g???i l?? g??? V??n b???n s???m nh???t ???????c bi???t ?????n x??c ?????nh n?? l?? "n??? nh???c s??", s??? k???t h???p gi???a ph??? n??? v?? ??m nh???c. Trong th???i Xu??n Thu v?? Chi???n Qu???c, gi???i qu?? t???c th?????ng c?? n??? nh???c s?? - n?? l??? bi???u di???n ??m nh???c cho ch??nh h??? ho???c kh??ch c???a h???, v?? h??? s??? cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c n???u kh??ch y??u c???u c??c d???ch v??? kh??c.
??i???u n??y cho th???y r???ng trong th???i Xu??n Thu v?? Chi???n Qu???c, g??i m???i d??m ??? t???ng l???p th?????ng l??u th???c hi???n c??? bi???u di???n ngh??? thu???t v?? d???ch v??? t??nh d???c. ??i???u n??y kh??c v???i quan ni???m sau n??y cho r???ng g??i m???i d??m ch??? tham gia v??o d???ch v??? t??nh d???c, v?? kh??a c???nh ??m nh???c th???m ch?? c??n v?????t tr???i h??n kh??a c???nh t??nh d???c. Tuy nhi??n, ??i???u ki???n s???ng c???a g??i m???i d??m v??o cu???i th???i nh?? Thanh v?? Trung Hoa D??n Qu???c c??ng cho th???y g??i m???i d??m ph???c v??? t???ng l???p th???ng tr??? th?????ng l??u ???????c y??u c???u ph???i c?? n??ng khi???u ngh??? thu???t. Tuy nhi??n, g??i m???i d??m ph???c v??? ????n ??ng thu???c t???ng l???p th???p h??n th?????ng kh??ng y??u c???u n??ng khi???u n??y. Nguy??n nh??n l?? do t???ng l???p th???p s???ng trong c???nh ngh??o ????i v?? thi???u ti???n ????? theo ??u???i th?? vui ngh??? thu???t. H??? th?????ng t??m ?????n g??i m???i d??m ch??? ????? th???a m??n nh???ng ham mu???n b??? d???n n??n. (Ph??? n???, v???n l?? m???t "ngu???n l???c" th???i x??a, ???????c ph??n b??? c???c k??? kh??ng ?????ng ?????u, khi???n nhi???u ????n ??ng thu???c t???ng l???p th???p kh?? t??m ???????c b???n ?????i.) V???y n??n, v??o th???i Xu??n Thu v?? Chi???n Qu???c, b??n c???nh nh???ng "n??? nh???c c??ng" ph???c v??? gi???i qu?? t???c, li???u c?? g??i m???i d??m ph???c v??? t???ng l???p th???p v?? ch??? ????n gi???n l?? cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c kh??ng? C?? ch???. Vua C??u Ti???n n?????c Vi???t t???ng t???p h???p c??c "g??a ph???" trong v????ng qu???c l??n n??i N??? ????? ????? ph???c v??? t??nh d???c cho binh l??nh c???a m??nh. ????y c?? l??? l?? tr?????ng h???p s???m nh???t ???????c ghi nh???n v??? vi???c g??i m???i d??m cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c cho t???ng l???p th???p m?? kh??ng c???n bi???u di???n ngh??? thu???t.
Kh???ng T??? t???ng n??i: "C???n ph???i ch???nh ?????n l???i t??n g???i". ?? t?????ng l?? ????? ?????m b???o "t??n g???i ph?? h???p v???i th???c t???". V???i s??? xu???t hi???n c???a thu???t ng??? "g??i m???i d??m", ngh??? m???i d??m c??ng tr???i qua m???t s??? ph??n h??a. "G??i m???i d??m" d???n d???n ???????c d??ng ????? ch??? nh???ng ng?????i h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m ch??? cung c???p d???ch v??? t??nh d???c m?? kh??ng c???n bi???u di???n ngh??? thu???t, trong khi "g??i m???i d??m" tr??? th??nh m???t ngh??? "gi???i tr?? v??n h??a" v???i ho???t ?????ng ch??nh l?? ti???p kh??ch u???ng r?????u, tr?? chuy???n, ca h??t nh???y m??a, th???o lu???n v??n ch????ng, v?? th???m ch?? c?? th??? l???a ch???n quan h??? t??nh d???c v???i kh??ch h??ng. Do ????, nh???ng nh??n v???t nh?? Ti???t ????o, L?? Thi Thi v?? T?? Ti???u Hi???u ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i ???????c coi l?? nh???ng g??i m???i d??m n???i ti???ng, ch??? kh??ng ph???i l?? "g??i m???i d??m n???i ti???ng".
T???t nhi??n, gi???ng nh?? t???t c??? c??c ngh??? ?????u c?? t??n g???i ch??nh th???c v?? kh??ng ch??nh th???c, ngh??? m???i d??m c??ng c?? r???t nhi???u t??n g???i kh??ng ch??nh th???c. Do nh???ng t??c ?????ng ti??u c???c c???a n?? ?????i v???i x?? h???i (ph?? v??? h??n nh??n, ph?? v??? phong t???c v?? l??m suy y???u ?????o ?????c), nh???ng t??n g???i kh??ng ch??nh th???c c???a ngh??? n??y th?????ng mang h??m ?? mi???t th???. V?? d???: "g??" ?????ng ??m v???i "ji", nh??ng l???i d??ng m???t lo??i ?????ng v???t ????? bi???u th??? s??? khinh mi???t. "con ????" (bitch) xu???t hi???n v??o kho???ng th???i nh?? Minh, ??m ch??? m???t ng?????i ph??? n??? s???ng xa nh?? v?? kh??ng c?? ai n????ng t???a. G??i m???i d??m ???????c coi l?? nh???ng ng?????i ph??? n??? b??? ??u???i kh???i nh??. "Yaojie'er" (ch??? l?? nung) xu???t hi???n v??o kho???ng th???i nh?? Thanh. C?? hai c??ch gi???i th??ch: m???t l?? g??i m???i d??m h???ng th???p s???ng trong nh???ng l?? nung ????? n??t, hai l?? b???t k??? ai c??ng c?? th??? ti???p c???n b??? ph???n sinh d???c c???a h???, t????ng t??? nh?? nh???ng l?? nung ????? n??t.
Ngo??i ra, c??c khu v???c v?? th???i k??? kh??c nhau ???? ?????t ra nh???ng t??n g???i c??? th??? kh??c cho g??i m???i d??m. V?? d???, g??i m???i d??m h???ng cao ??? Th?????ng H???i th???i Trung Hoa D??n Qu???c ???????c g???i l?? "shuyu", "cishi" v?? "xiaoshu", v?? n???u kh??ng ???????c x??c ?????nh c???n th???n, r???t kh?? ????? bi???t h??? c?? ph???i l?? g??i m???i d??m hay kh??ng. ??? H???ng K??ng, g??i m???i d??m ti???p kh??ch t???i nh?? ri??ng ???????c g???i l?? "loufeng" v?? g??i m???i d??m ch??o m???i kh??ch tr??n ph??? ???????c g???i l?? "liuying". ??? ????i Loan, Trung Qu???c, c?? "fanjumei" v?? ??? Trung Qu???c ?????i l???c, c?? "jiejie".
Ngu???n g???c
G???n nh?? kh??ng th??? x??c minh v?? tr??? l???i l???ch s??? c???a ngh??? m???i d??m ??? Trung Qu???c, b???i v?? ngh??? n??y xu???t hi???n s???m h??n nhi???u so v???i s??? xu???t hi???n c???a ch??? vi???t.
Trong l???ch s??? s?? khai c???a lo??i ng?????i, ???? c?? t???c th??? c??ng sinh s???n. Do ????, nhi???u n???n v??n minh ???? c?? h??nh vi t??nh d???c trong c??c nghi l??? t??n gi??o b?? ???n ban ?????u c???a h???. V?? d???, nh???ng ph??? n??? tr??? ??? Babylon c??? ?????i ph???i ?????n ?????n th??? Militia v??o m???t ng??y nh???t ?????nh trong n??m v?? quan h??? t??nh d???c v???i nh???ng ng?????i ????n ??ng qu??? xu???ng th??? ph???ng c?? nh?? n??? th???n Militia. ????y l?? m???t nghi l??? thay th??? th???n linh b???ng con ng?????i[2]. Trong x?? h???i nguy??n th???y s?? khai c???a Nh???t B???n, c??ng c?? m???t nghi l??? t??n gi??o nguy??n th???y, trong ???? c??c ph?? th???y y??u c???u th???n linh nh???p v??o c?? th??? m??nh v?? sau ???? quan h??? t??nh d???c v???i ????n ??ng[3]. ??ng V????ng Thu???n N??? g???i h??nh vi n??y l?? "g??i m???i d??m ph?? th???y". N???u ch??ng ta ?????nh ngh??a ????y l?? m???t lo???i m???i d??m, th?? ngu???n g???c c???a m???i d??m c?? th??? b???t ngu???n t??? th???i k??? nguy??n th???y c???a lo??i ng?????i.
M???t s??? th???t t????ng ?????i r?? r??ng l?? m???i d??m ???? t???n t???i trong th???i k??? n?? l???. N???u ch??ng ta quan s??t c??c b??? l???c nguy??n th???y hi???n c??, ch??ng ta s??? th???y hi???n t?????ng s??? d???ng ph??? n??? tr??? trong s??? n?? l??? l??m n?? l??? t??nh d???c r???t ph??? bi???n trong c??c b??? l???c n??y. Trong l???ch s??? n?????c ta, ngu???n g???c c???a m???i d??m c?? th??? b???t ngu???n t??? th???i c??? ?????i. V?? d???, trong th???i k??? Tam Ho??ng huy???n tho???i, c?? m???t k??? n??? t??n l?? "H???ng Nhai", ???????c c??c th??? h??? sau t??n s??ng l?? "t??? ti??n" c???a c??c k??? vi???n. Trong ph???n mi??u t??? v??? ao r?????u v?? r???ng th???t c???a vua Chu trong "S??? k??: ??n th??"[4], vua Chu ???? "tri???u" nh???ng m??? n??? ?????n v?? ??i t??y ??, n??n c?? l??? h??? c??ng c?? m???t s??? ?????c ??i???m c???a k??? vi???n. Nh???ng ghi ch??p r?? r??ng h??n v??? k??? vi???n n???m trong "H??n Phi T???" v?? "Chi???n Qu???c S??ch". C??? hai cu???n s??ch ?????u ????? c???p r???ng khi Qu???n Tr???ng l??m t??? t?????ng n?????c T??? Ho??ng Cung, ??ng ???? cho l???p n??n c??c "k??? vi???n n???" ?????y m??? n??? ????? ph???c v??? c??c quan l???i v?? s??? th???n c??c n?????c. Thu nh???p t??? vi???c ti??u d??ng c???a qu?? t???c ??? ???? c??ng c?? th??? l??m gi??u cho ng??n kh??? qu???c gia. C?? th??? th???y r???ng "N?? L??" v??? c?? b???n gi???ng v???i k??? vi???n c???a c??c th??? h??? sau, v???i b???n ch???t l?? mua b??n. Ngo??i ra, "S??? k??: Gia ????nh Kh???ng T???" c??n ghi l???i r???ng khi Kh???ng T??? n???m quy???n ??? L???, T??? s??? L??? s??? gi??u c?? v?? quy???n l???c n??n ???? ?????c bi???t ch???n 80 nh???c c??ng n??? ????? g???i ?????n vua L???. Vua L??? say m?? ph??? n??? v?? kh??ng c??n quan t??m ?????n vi???c tri???u ch??nh n???a. Kh???ng T??? ???? t??? ch???c trong s??? th???t v???ng. Trong ghi ch??p n??y, c??c nh???c c??ng n??? c???a T??? kh??ng ch??? l??m vi???c ??? N??? L???c m?? c??n c?? th??? b??? cho ??i theo ?? mu???n, ??i???u n??y c??ng ch???ng t??? r???ng h??? kh??ng c?? quy???n t??? do v?? quy???n l???c c?? nh??n nh?? nh???ng g??i m???i d??m. Ngo??i ra, theo ghi ch??p c???a "Tuy???t Nguy???t Th??", khi C??u Ti???n kh??i ph???c ?????t n?????c, ????? kh??ch l??? binh l??nh, ??ng ???? t???p h???p c??c g??a ph??? trong n?????c t???i m???t n??i g???i l?? ?????c Ph???c S??n ????? binh l??nh h?????ng th???. ??i???u n??y kh?? gi???ng v???i t??nh tr???ng ph??? n??? gi???i khu??y c???a qu??n x??m l?????c Nh???t B???n sau n??y. T??? nh???ng ??i???u tr??n, c?? th??? th???y r???ng ??t nh???t l?? v??o th???i Xu??n Thu, m???i d??m ???? t???n t???i r???ng r??i ??? Trung Qu???c, nh??ng v??o th???i ??i???m ????, h??nh th???c m???i d??m ch??? y???u l?? m???i d??m do tri???u ????nh qu???n l?? d??nh cho gi???i qu?? t???c v?? m???i d??m do qu??n ?????i qu???n l??. Vi???c m???i d??m d??n gian c?? ra ?????i v??o th???i ??i???m n??y hay kh??ng, v?? li???u ch??ng c?? h???p ph??p hay kh??ng, hi???n t???i v???n ch??a th??? x??c minh.
Ph??n lo???i
Th???c t???, m???i d??m ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i ???????c ph??n lo???i. M???i lo???i ph???c v??? m???t nh??m ng?????i c??? th???. N?? kh??ng gi???ng nh?? nh???ng g?? ???????c m?? t??? trong phim ???nh v?? truy???n h??nh hi???n ?????i, n??i b???t k??? ai c??ng c?? th??? g???p m???t "k??? n??? n???i ti???ng" ho???c g??i m???i d??m c?? th??? t??? do l???a ch???n v?? ti???p kh??ch. Trong l???ch s???, c?? kho???ng s??u lo???i g??i m???i d??m: m???i d??m cung ????nh, m???i d??m gia ????nh, m???i d??m tr???i, m???i d??m quan ch???c, m???i d??m th?????ng d??n v?? m???i d??m b?? m???t.
Trinh n??? cung ????nh
????ng nh?? t??n g???i, h??? l?? g??i m???i d??m trong cung ??i???n. Nhi???u ng?????i tin r???ng ho??ng ????? c?? tam cung l???c vi???n n??n kh??ng c???n ?????n "k??? n???", nh??ng th???c t??? kh??ng ph???i v???y.
Tr?????c h???t, s??? l?????ng "v??? v?? phi t???n" mang t?????c hi???u ch??nh th???c c???a c??c ho??ng ????? thu???c c??c tri???u ?????i kh??c nhau ???? ???????c ???n ?????nh, ch???ng h???n nh?? m???t ho??ng h???u ??? nh?? Thanh, m???t phi t???n, hai phi t???n qu?? t???c, b???n phi t???n v?? s??u phi t???n.Tuy nhi??n, m???t s??? ho??ng ????? c?? ham mu???n t??nh d???c v?? ?????, n??n c???n ph???i l???p k??? n??? trong cung.
Th??? hai, v??? m???t l?? thuy???t, phi t???n c???a ho??ng ????? c??ng l?? t???ng l???p th???ng tr??? trong cung ??i???n. N???u c?? bi???u di???n, y???n ti???c v?? c??c nghi l??? trong cung ??i???n, k??? n??? v???n c???n thi???t ????? ph???c v???.
V???y, v?? cung ??i???n c???n k??? n???, v???y k??? n??? n??y ?????n t??? ????u? Trong l???ch s???, ngu???n k??? n??? ch??nh trong cung ??i???n l?? v??? v?? con g??i c???a c??c quan ?????i th???n ph???m t???i, v??? v?? con g??i c???a t?? binh chi???n tranh ??? bi??n gi???i, v?? ph??? n??? b??? c??c n?????c c???ng n???p. C?? ghi ch??p trong s??? s??ch nh?? H??n r???ng vua n?????c Oa ???? c???ng n???p cho ho??ng ????? b???ng n?? l??? nam v?? n???[9], v?? m???t s??? n?? l??? c???ng n???p n??y ???? tr??? th??nh k??? n??? trong cung ??i???n.
K??? n??? trong cung ch??? y???u ph???c v??? nhu c???u gi???i tr?? c???a ho??ng ????? nh?? bi???u di???n, ca h??t v?? nh???y m??a, nh??ng ????i khi c??ng ph???c v??? t??nh d???c. N???u ???????c ho??ng ????? s???ng ??i nh??? ph???c v??? t??nh d???c, ho???c n???u h??? mang thai, h??? c?? th??? thay ?????i s??? ph???n v?? tr??? th??nh phi t???n ho???c phi t???n c?? ?????a v??? ch??nh th???c c???a ho??ng ?????, nh??ng nh???ng tr?????ng h???p nh?? v???y r???t hi???m. M???t v?? d??? ??i???n h??nh l?? L?? Th??? c???a H??n V?? ?????. B?? v???n l?? em g??i c???a L?? Di??n Ni??n, m???t nh???c c??ng trong cung, ?????ng th???i c??ng l?? m???t k??? n??? trong cung. Sau n??y, L?? Di??n Ni??n ti???n c??? em g??i m??nh v???i H??n V?? ????? v?? so???n m???t b???n nh???c t???ng b??: "Ph????ng B???c c?? m???t m??? nh??n, ?????c l???p v?? song. M???t ??nh m???t c???a n??ng c?? th??? ??p ?????o c??? th??nh, m???t ??nh m???t c???a n??ng c?? th??? ??p ?????o c??? n?????c. Ch???ng l??? ho??ng th?????ng kh??ng bi???t n??ng c?? th??? ??p ?????o c??? th??nh l???n n?????c sao? M???t m??? nh??n nh?? v???y kh?? t??m l???i ???????c." Th??nh ng??? "??p ?????o c??? th??nh l???n n?????c" xu???t ph??t t??? ????y. V?? v???y, H??n V?? ????? ???? tri???u t???p em g??i c???a L?? Di??n Ni??n. ????ng nh?? d??? ??o??n, n??ng v???a xinh ?????p v???a t??i gi???i, n??n ???????c ch??ng h???t m???c c??ng chi???u. Em g??i c???a L?? Di??n Ni??n tr??? th??nh L?? phu nh??n.
Thi???u n??? trong cung
Th???i x??a, c??c nh?? nho ?????u c?? cung n??? trong nh??. H??? ???????c d??ng ????? bi???u di???n, chi??u ????i r?????u, v?? l??m h???u b??n trong c??c bu???i y???n ti???c v?? c??c ho???t ?????ng gi???i tr??. M???t v?? d??? n???i ti???ng h??n l?? ??i??u Thuy???n trong ti???u thuy???t Tam Qu???c Di???n Ngh??a. ??i??u Thuy???n ban ?????u l?? cung n??? c???a Th???a t?????ng V????ng Do??n. Khi ?????ng Tr??c v?? L??? B??? ?????n th??m, h??? s??? bi???u di???n c??c ??i???u m??a ????? khu???y ?????ng kh??ng kh?? v?? l??m vui l??ng c??? ch??? l???n kh??ch. T???t nhi??n, n???u ch??? nh?? mu???n l??m vui l??ng kh??ch h??n n???a, ??ng ta c??ng c?? th??? g??? cung n??? cho kh??ch. Trong ti???u thuy???t, V????ng Do??n ???? kh??o l??o d??ng chi??u "g???" ??i??u Thuy???n ????? khi???n ?????ng Tr??c v?? L??? B??? xa l??nh. Ngo??i ra, m??? c???a T???n Th???y Ho??ng, Tri???u C??, c??ng l?? cung n??? c???a L??? B???t Vi. Theo "S??? k??", khi L?? B???t Vi chi??u ????i th??i t??? D???ch Nh??n n?????c T???n, ??ng ???? m???i k??? n??? Tri???u C?? nh???y m??a ????? chi??u ????i. D???ch Nh??n say m?? n??ng v?? c???u h??n. L?? B???t Vi kh??ng mu???n g??? n??ng, nh??ng x??t ?????n vi???c ??ng ???? d??nh ph???n l???n t??i s???n c???a gia ????nh cho D???ch Nh??n, m???t "h??ng hi???m", th?? vi???c l???y m???t k??? n??? ????? l??m m???t l??ng D???ch Nh??n l?? m???t t???n th???t l???n. V?? v???y, ??ng ????nh ph???i mi???n c?????ng g??? Tri???u C?? cho D???ch Nh??n. S??? vi???c n??y c??ng tr??? th??nh ngu???n g???c c???a nh???ng suy ??o??n v??? cha ru???t c???a T???n Th???y Ho??ng. C??c thi s?? v?? h???c gi??? th???i ???????ng v?? T???ng m?? ch??ng ta bi???t ?????n c??ng c?? ngh??? m???i d??m. V?? d???, Ph???m T??c v?? Ti???u M???n trong "Mi???ng anh ????o c???a Ph???m T??c, eo li???u c???a Ti???u M???n" c???a B???ch C?? D??? ?????u l?? k??? n??? c???a B???ch C?? D???. B???c tranh n???i ti???ng "????m y???n c???a H??n Hy T??i" c??ng c?? nhi???u ph??? n??? bi???u di???n ??m nh???c v?? v?? ?????o, c?? th??? l?? phi t???n c???a H??n Hy T??i.
C??c h???c gi??? v?? th????ng gia gi??u c?? th???i Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i c?? truy???n th???ng nu??i th?? thi???p.
Trinh n??? l?? nh???ng g??i m???i d??m ???????c nu??i trong c??c doanh tr???i qu??n ?????i. H??? ch??? y???u ???????c cung c???p cho c??c s?? quan c???p cao ????? mua vui v?? gi???i tr??, v?? cho binh l??nh c???p th???p th???a m??n ham mu???n t??nh d???c.
Trinh n??? ph???c v??? ba m???c ????ch: th??? nh???t, cho ph??p c??c s?? quan c???p cao th???a m??n nh???ng th?? vui xa hoa v?? ph??ng t??ng trong doanh tr???i; th??? hai, cho ph??p binh l??nh c???p th???p th???a m??n ham mu???n t??nh d???c, do ???? ng??n ch???n nh???ng t??c ?????ng ti??u c???c ?????n an ninh ?????a ph????ng v?? s??? l??y lan c???a c??c b???nh l??y truy???n qua ???????ng t??nh d???c; v?? th??? ba, thu nh???p t??? m???i d??m cung c???p th??m "ngu???n thu" cho qu??n ?????i.
C??c ghi ch??p v??? m???i d??m qu??n ?????i c?? t??? th???i Xu??n Thu (ch???ng h???n nh?? n??i ????? Ph??? ??? C??u Ti???n, vua Vi???t ???? ????? c???p ??? tr??n). S??? l?????ng m???i d??m ?????t ?????n ?????nh ??i???m v??o th???i nh?? ???????ng, khi c??c th???ng ?????c qu??n s??? n???m gi??? quy???n l???c l???n. Sau khi ?????a v??? qu??n s??? suy y???u v??o th???i nh?? T???ng, s??? l?????ng c???a h??? b???t ?????u gi???m d???n. Tuy nhi??n, phong t???c n??y v???n t???n t???i cho ?????n th???i hi???n ?????i, v?? ngay c??? ????i Loan c??ng duy tr?? ch??? ????? n??y trong m???t th???i gian. ?????c gi??? quan t??m c?? th??? xem b??? phim "Thi??n ???????ng Qu??n ?????i", k??? v??? h??? th???ng m???i d??m qu??n s??? do Qu???c D??n ?????ng th???c hi???n sau khi r??t lui v??? ????i Loan v?? cu???c s???ng c???a c??c nh??n v???t li??n quan.
Trinh n???
Trinh n??? l?? nh???ng nh?? th??? do ch??nh ph??? qu???n l??. Nh?? ???? ????? c???p tr?????c ????, v??? v?? con g??i c???a t???i ph???m, t?? binh v?? n?? l??? c??ng b??? b???t l??m n?? l??? v??o th???i c??? ?????i. Nh???ng ng?????i xu???t ch??ng nh???t trong s??? n??y c?? th??? tr??? th??nh g??i m???i d??m trong cung ??i???n, nh??ng ph???n l???n tr??? th??nh g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c. H??? cung c???p d???ch v??? t???i c??c nh?? th??? do ch??nh ph??? qu???n l??. T???t nhi??n, thu nh???p c???a nh?? th??? thu???c v??? ch??nh ph???.
Giao Ph????ng T??? (Giao Ph????ng T???) th???i nh?? ???????ng ch???u tr??ch nhi???m qu???n l?? c??c nh?? th??? ch??nh th???c. Theo ghi ch??p trong "????ng Kinh M???nh H??a L???" v?? "V?? L??m C???u S???", c??c nh?? th??? ch??nh th???c ch??? y???u ph???c v??? cho c??c ch???c s???c. Nh???ng g??i m???i d??m n???i ti???ng trong l???ch s???, ch???ng h???n nh?? L?? Thi Thi, l?? g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c. Ghi ch??p cho th???y g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c l??m vi???c v??o nh???ng ng??y c??? ?????nh, ch???ng h???n nh?? ng??y m??ng 5, 15, 25 h??ng th??ng, ho???c ng??y 10 h??ng th??ng. Khi kh??ch ?????n nh?? th???, kh??ch c?? th??? y??u c???u m???t g??i m???i d??m tr???c ban ??i c??ng. Vi???c n??y ???????c g???i l?? "ch??? hoa th???"; kh??ch c??ng c?? th??? tr???c ti???p y??u c???u ng?????i ph??? tr??ch (m??? k???) s???p x???p m???t t???m thi???p ng???u nhi??n. Ch??? ?????n ng??y 15 th??ng Gi??ng ??m l???ch, t???t c??? g??i m???i d??m m???i "??i l??m" c??ng nhau v?? ?????i hoa mai tr??n ?????u ????? thu h??t kh??ch h??ng b??n ngo??i nh?? th???. Tuy nhi??n, nh???ng g??i m???i d??m cao c???p n???i ti???ng s??? kh??ng ra ngo??i. Do ????, ng?????i ta ?????c t??nh r???ng c??ng ch??ng th???i ???? hi???m khi nh??n th???y nh???ng g??i m???i d??m n???i ti???ng nh?? L?? Thi Thi. T??? nh???ng ghi ch??p tr??n, ch??ng ta c?? th??? th???y r???ng v??o th???i ??i???m ????, g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c c?? ng??y ngh???, v?? g??i m???i d??m c??ng n???i ti???ng th?? c??ng c?? nhi???u ng??y ngh???. ??i???u n??y c??ng c?? th??? l?? do gi?? c???a m???i ????n h??ng cho g??i m???i d??m n???i ti???ng ????? cao, n??n h??? c?? nhi???u quy???n ngh??? ng??i h??n. Nh???ng g??i m???i d??m cao c???p kh??ng ch??? c?? quy???n ngh??? ng??i m?? c??n c?? quy???n l???a ch???n kh??ch h??ng c???a ri??ng m??nh v?? quy???n l???a ch???n b??n th??n hay ch??? b??n k??? n??ng m?? kh??ng b??n th??n. V?? v???y, qu?? tr??nh T???ng Giang g???p L?? Thi Thi trong "Th???y H???" ph???c t???p ?????n v???y. T??i ngh?? l?? do l?? v?? L?? Thi Thi ch??? l??m vi???c v??i ng??y, m?? d?? c?? l??m vi???c th?? ng?????i th?????ng c??ng hi???m khi th???y m???t. M???c d?? k??? n??? quan l???i ch??? y???u ph???c v??? quan l???i c???p cao, nh??ng gi???a tri???u Minh ???? c?? m???t th???i gian ng???n c???m quan l???i ?????n nh?? th??? v?? ??? l???i nh?? th???. ??i???u n??y xu???t ph??t t??? quan ??i???m c???a ki???m duy???t vi??n r???ng vi???c quan l???i lui t???i nh?? th??? kh??ng ch??? l??m ch???m tr??? c??ng vi???c m?? c??n nu??i d?????ng tham nh??ng. Tuy nhi??n, l???nh c???m n??y kh??ng k??o d??i l??u, ch??? c??n mang t??nh h??nh th???c. K???t qu??? l??, ?????n cu???i tri???u Minh, quan l???i ti???p x??c v???i k??? n??? kh??ng ch??? c??ng khai m?? ????i khi c??n tr??? th??nh huy???n tho???i. V?? d??? nh?? c??u chuy???n v??? ng?????i ph??? n??? t??i s???c L??u Nh?? Thi v?? Ti???n Thi??n D???c.
????? Ho??ng theo B??ch khoa m???.

Th???n Ch??u 20

Phi h??nh ??o??n Th???n Ch??u 19 ???? xu???t hi???n tr?????c c??ng ch??ng l???n ?????u ti??n k??? t??? khi tr??? v??? t??? v?? tr???.
????ng ng??y: 09/07/2025 Ngu???n: M???ng l?????i K??? thu???t Kh??ng gian C?? ng?????i l??i Trung Qu???c
Chi???u ng??y 9 th??ng 7 n??m 2025, Trung t??m Nghi??n c???u v?? ????o t???o Phi h??nh gia Trung Qu???c ???? t??? ch???c h???p b??o cho phi h??nh ??o??n Th???n Ch??u 19 t???i Th??nh ph??? H??ng kh??ng V?? tr??? B???c Kinh. S??? ki???n n??y ????nh d???u l???n ?????u ti??n c??c phi h??nh gia Th??i H??c Tri???t, T???ng Linh ????ng v?? V????ng H???o Tr???ch ch??nh th???c xu???t hi???n tr?????c c??ng ch??ng v?? truy???n th??ng sau h??n hai th??ng tr??? v???. H??? ???? chia s??? nh???ng kinh nghi???m v?? hi???u bi???t s??u s???c t??? s??? m???nh kh??ng gian k??o d??i 183 ng??y c???a m??nh.
Thai H??c Tri???t, ch??? huy c???a c??? hai s??? m???nh Th???n Ch??u 14 v?? Th???n Ch??u 19, ???? ch???ng ki???n v?? tham gia v??o qu?? tr??nh chuy???n ?????i c???a tr???m v?? tr??? t??? giai ??o???n x??y d???ng sang v???n h??nh v?? ph??t tri???n. ??ng tuy??n b???: "M???i s??? m???nh kh??ng ch??? ????n thu???n l?? s??? l???p l???i c???a s??? m???nh tr?????c, m?? l?? m???t b?????c nh???y v???t li??n t???c l??n m???t t???m cao m???i." Trong th???i gian ??? tr??n qu??? ?????o, phi h??nh ??o??n ???? tham gia 88 d??? ??n th??? nghi???m bao g???m khoa h???c s??? s???ng v?? tr???, v???t l?? vi tr???ng l???c c?? b???n v?? y h???c h??ng kh??ng v?? tr???, s???n xu???t th??nh c??ng 102 m???u th??? nghi???m thu???c h??n 13 lo???i. Ngo??i ra, h??? c??n ho??n th??nh th??? nghi???m v?? ki???m ch???ng tr??n qu??? ?????o robot ki???m tra ???????ng ???ng c???a tr???m v?? tr???, th??? nghi???m nh???n th???c tr???ng l?????ng v???t th???, ????nh gi?? kh??? n??ng ki???m tra tr???ng th??i c???m x??c v?? thay th??? m???u th??? nghi???m.
T???ng Linh ????ng ???? l???p nhi???u k??? l???c trong c??c ho???t ?????ng ngo??i v?? tr??? c???a s??? m???nh Th???n Ch??u 19: ho???t ?????ng ngo??i v?? tr??? ?????u ti??n c???a anh ???? ph?? k??? l???c th??? gi???i v??? th???i l?????ng ho???t ?????ng ngo??i v?? tr??? duy nh???t l?? ch??n gi???, v?? anh ???? ho??n th??nh t???ng c???ng n??m ho???t ?????ng ngo??i v?? tr??? trong hai nhi???m v???, tr??? th??nh phi h??nh gia Trung Qu???c c?? nhi???u ho???t ?????ng ngo??i v?? tr??? nh???t v??o th???i ??i???m ????. Anh nh???n m???nh: "M???i ho???t ?????ng ngo??i v?? tr??? th??nh c??ng ?????u l?? k???t qu??? c???a s??? ??o??n k???t c???a phi h??nh ??o??n v?? n??? l???c ph???i h???p c???a c??? m???t ?????t v?? tr???m v?? tr???. ??i???u n??y c??ng ch???ng minh ?????y ????? ????? tin c???y c???a b??? ????? phi h??nh gia ngo??i v?? tr??? v?? ni???m tin c???a Trung Qu???c v??o c??ng ngh??? v?? tr??? c???a m??nh."
Th???o lu???n v??? s??? c??? k???t b???t ng??? c???a b??? chuy???n ?????i t???i tr???ng ngo??i t??u trong qu?? tr??nh v???n h??nh ngo??i t??u, Cai Xozhe nh??? l???i r???ng, m???c d?? ph???i ?????i m???t v???i nh???ng th??ch th???c nh?? h???n ch??? v??? th???i gian v?? ch??a quen thu???c v???i thi???t b??? ngo??i t??u, phi h??nh ??o??n v???n gi??? ???????c b??nh t??nh sau khi hu???n luy???n qua cu???c g???i video t??? m???t ?????t l??n v?? tr???. Sau khi ????nh gi?? t??nh tr???ng thi???t b??? sau v???n h??nh ngo??i t??u v?? li??n l???c v???i ?????i h??? tr??? m???t ?????t, h??? ???? x??? l?? t??nh hu???ng th??nh c??ng. Khi ti???ng v??? tay n???ng nhi???t c???a ?????i h??? tr??? m???t ?????t vang v???ng qua tai nghe, anh c???m th???y v?? c??ng "t??? h??o v??? vai tr?? d???n ?????u v?? gi?? tr??? m?? c??c phi h??nh gia ????ng g??p trong c??c chuy???n bay v?? tr??? c?? ng?????i l??i". L?? phi h??nh gia ?????u ti??n c???a Trung Qu???c sinh ra v??o nh???ng n??m 1990 th???c hi???n m???t nhi???m v??? ngo??i t??u, Song Lingdong x??c ?????ng n??i: "Kho???nh kh???c c??nh c???a m??? ra ch??nh l?? l??c gi???c m?? th??nh hi???n th???c". Anh tin r???ng v???i s??? ph??t tri???n m???nh m??? c???a c??c chuy???n bay v?? tr??? c?? ng?????i l??i, th??? h??? tr???, v???i s??? gi??p ????? v?? h?????ng d???n c???a nh???ng ng?????i ??i tr?????c c??ng s??? h??? tr??? c???a t???t c??? c??c phi h??nh gia, ???? g??nh v??c tr??ch nhi???m c???a th??? h??? m??nh. "S??? m???nh c???a th??? h??? ch??ng ta l?? nh???ng ng?????i sinh ra trong th???p ni??n 1990 th???c hi???n c??c s??? m???nh ngo??i v?? tr???, v?? kho???nh kh???c n??y cu???i c??ng c??ng s??? ?????n."
T???ng Linh ????ng ???? th???c hi???n th??? nghi???m ?????u ti??n tr???ng khoai lang tr??n qu??? ?????o, v?? c??y ???? ph??t tri???n t???t. Tr?????c khi tr??? v???, anh ???? thu th???p v?? mang m???u v??? theo h?????ng d???n tr??n m???t ?????t, cung c???p d??? li???u quan tr???ng ????? x??c minh t??nh kh??? thi c???a khoai lang nh?? m???t ngu???n th???c ph???m cho c??c chuy???n bay v?? tr??? d??i h???n.
V????ng H???o Tr???ch, n??? phi h??nh gia ?????u ti??n th???c hi???n s??? m???nh kh??ng gian, ???? truy???n n??ng l?????ng m???i cho phi h??nh ??o??n b???ng k??? n??ng v???n h??nh t??? m???, t?? duy khoa h???c v?? th??i ????? nh??? nh??ng. "Trong m???i thao t??c, t??i ?????u t??? nh??? ph???i ch???m l???i ????? ?????m b???o an to??n v?? t??? m??? ????? th??nh c??ng. Trong kh??ng gian, ????? l??m t???t c??ng vi???c, ph???i t???p trung v?? ki??n nh???n." V????ng H???o Tr???ch ho??n th??nh m???i nhi???m v??? m???t c??ch t??? tin. C?? n??i: "???????c ????ng g??p nhi???u h??n cho kh??m ph?? khoa h???c v?? ????? th??? gi???i th???y ???????c nhi???u h??n s??? t??i gi???i c???a ph??? n??? khi???n m???i n??? l???c c???a t??i tr??? n??n ?? ngh??a h??n."
"T??i ch???c ch???n s??? th???p th??m nhi???u ng???n ??u???c ????? soi s??ng kh??ng gian s??u th???m, ????n gi???n v?? tr??n b???u tr???i ?????y sao xa x??i ???y, ch??nh l?? gi???c m?? c??? ?????i c???a t??i." T???i bu???i g???p m???t, V????ng H???o Tr???ch c??ng chia s??? b??i th?? g???c "Theo ??u???i gi???c m?? tr??n d??ng s??ng ?????y sao" c???a m??nh, th??? hi???n t??nh y??u b???n b??? c???a ??ng d??nh cho ng??nh c??ng nghi???p v?? tr???.
Sau khi tr??? v???, phi h??nh ??o??n Th???n Ch??u 19 ???? ho??n t???t m???i th??? t???c c???n thi???t ????? c??ch ly, h???i ph???c v?? ph???c h???i s???c kh???e, ?????ng th???i b?????c v??o giai ??o???n quan s??t h???i ph???c. Hi???n t???i, d?????i s??? ch??m s??c v?? gi??m s??t ch???t ch??? c???a ?????i ng?? h??? tr??? khoa h???c t???i Trung t??m Nghi??n c???u v?? ????o t???o Phi h??nh gia Trung Qu???c, phi h??nh ??o??n Th???n Ch??u 19 ??ang trong t??nh tr???ng th??? ch???t v?? tinh th???n t???t, v???i t???t c??? c??c x??t nghi???m y t??? ?????u b??nh th?????ng. S???c m???nh c?? b???p, s???c b???n v?? ch???c n??ng tim ph???i li??n quan ?????n luy???n t???p c???a h??? v??? c?? b???n ???? tr??? l???i m???c tr?????c khi bay. Sau khi ho??n t???t m???i th??? t???c h???i ph???c v?? tr???i qua c??c ????nh gi?? s???c kh???e, ba phi h??nh gia s??? ti???p t???c luy???n t???p b??nh th?????ng.
B??i vi???t c???a Chi??m Khang, Trung t??m Nghi??n c???u v?? ????o t???o Phi h??nh gia Trung Qu???c
(Bi??n t???p: H???o Doanh)

M???i d??m c??? Trung Qu???c

M???I D??M C??? TRUNG HOA (ti???p theo)
Ghi ch??p s???m nh???t v??? g??i m???i d??m trong l???ch s??? Trung Qu???c l?? h??? th???ng m???i d??m ch??nh th???c do Qu???n Tr???ng thi???t l???p v??o th???i Xu??n Thu, ???????c th??? ch??? h??a d?????i th???i H??n V?? ?????. Tr???n ????ng Nguy??n tin r???ng s??? t???n t???i c???a g??i m???i d??m ??? Trung Qu???c th???c s??? b???t ?????u t??? c??c cung ????nh, g??i m???i d??m qu??n ?????i, g??i m???i d??m quan ch???c[a], g??i m???i d??m n???i ?????a v?? g??i m???i d??m d??n s??? t??y theo ?????a v??? c???a h???. H??? ph??? thu???c v??o c??c nh?? th??? ho???c c??c c?? s??? cao c???p v?? kh??ng c?? quy???n t??? do c?? nh??n. H???u h???t h??? l?? t???i ph???m, th??n nh??n c???a t???i ph???m, k??? bu??n ng?????i ho???c t?? binh chi???n tranh. G??i m???i d??m c?? ?????a v??? x?? h???i th???p, v?? vi???c ????a ng?????i th??n l?? n??? c???a c??c quan l???i ho???c k??? th?? ??i l??m g??i m???i d??m c??ng l?? m???t h??nh ph???t ???????c vua ch??a s??? d???ng
??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i, t??? "g??i m???i d??m" ban ?????u l?? "changji", ban ?????u d??ng ????? ch??? c??c di???n vi??n n??? trong c??c bu???i bi???u di???n ca m??a. "S??ch thuy???t gi???i t???" c???a T??? Th???n c?? ch??? "chang" nh??ng kh??ng c?? ch??? "chang". T??? "chang" l???n ?????u ti??n xu???t hi???n trong "Yu Pian" c???a C??? Di???p V????ng th???i L????ng.
Th???i c??? ?????i
M???c T???/Phi Nguy???t Th????ng
Ng?????i ta tin r???ng k??? n??? H???ng Nhai th???i Tam Ho??ng l?? nh???ng k??? n??? ???????c ghi ch??p s???m nh???t. Ng?????i ta n??i r???ng d?????i th???i vua H??? Ki???t, ??ng c?? g???n 30.000 nh???c n???[3]. Tuy nhi??n, theo s??? s??ch ch??nh th???ng, ngu???n g???c c???a m???i d??m ???????c cho l?? t??? c??c ph?? th???y[5] th???i Th????ng[4]. V??o th???i ????, h??? l?? nh???ng ph?? th???y m???i d??m[6][7]. H??? b??? ng?????i th???i ???? l??n ??n v?? tin r???ng h??? c?? th??? g??y ra "xu h?????ng d??m d???c" ho???c "xu h?????ng ph?? th???y". Nh?? Th????ng c??ng ?????t ra lu???t l??? v?? h??nh ph???t cho nh???ng xu h?????ng n??y.
Nh?? Chu
V??o ?????u th???i Xu??n Thu, th???a t?????ng n?????c T??? l?? Qu???n Tr???ng ???? l???p ra "N??? L???". "?????ng Ch??u S??ch" ghi l???i: "Trong cung ??i???n c???a T??? Ho??n C??ng n?????c T??? c?? b???y ch??? g??i v?? 700 nh?? ch???a g??i". Ph???n ti???p theo c???a B??? s??u t???p Ki???n H??? ghi l???i: "Khi Qu???n T??? cai tr??? n?????c T???, ??ng ???? l???p ra b???y tr??m nh?? ch???a g??i v?? thu ti???n h??? chi cho m???i d??m ????? b??? sung cho chi ti??u c???a nh?? n?????c. ??i???u n??y ????nh d???u s??? kh???i ?????u c???a t???p t???c d??ng ph???n hoa l??m ti???n."
Ng?? Nguy???t Xu??n Thu ch??p: "Vua C??u Ti???n n?????c Vi???t ???? c??? c??c g??a ph??? l??n n??i ????? ti???p ????i binh l??nh ??ang lo l???ng v?? ??au kh???." Nh???c Quy???t Th?? ghi: "N??i ????? Ph??? ???????c x??y d???ng khi C??u Ti???n chu???n b??? t???n c??ng n?????c Ng??. ??ng ???? ????a c??c g??a ph??? l??n n??i ????? ph???c v??? nh?? nh???ng chi???n binh t???n t???y c???a m??nh, nh??ng h??? v???n ch??a ho??n to??n t???n t???y. C??c di???n gi???i sau n??y cho r???ng C??u Ti???n ???? s??? d???ng ??i???u n??y ????? ti???p ????i binh l??nh c???a m??nh."
S??? k?? ?????i S???: Truy???n Th????ng Nh??n. S??? k?? H??n V?? ????? ghi l???i: "Tr???nh C??, m???t ng?????i ph??? n??? n?????c Tri???u, ??n m???c r???t ?????p. B?? ch??i ????n tranh, x???n tay ??o d??i, ??i gi??y nh???n. V???i ????i m???t v?? tr??i tim, b?? s???n s??ng ??i h??ng ng??n d???m, b???t k??? tu???i t??c, ????? t??m ki???m s??? gi??u sang v?? th???nh v?????ng."
Nh?? H??n
Tr???nh T??ng Th??ng, tr??ch d???n "Ngu???n g???c v???n v???t", vi???t: "H??n V?? ????? ban ?????u thu?? g??i m???i d??m trong tr???i ????? ph???c v??? binh l??nh kh??ng c?? v???. Xem "S??? k?? H??n V?? ????? kh??ng ch??nh th???c."
M?? Dung th???i ????ng H??n "c?? r???t nhi???u nh???c c??? xa hoa trong nh??. ??ng th?????ng ng???i trong m???t s???nh cao, ph??a tr?????c c?? r??m voan, d???y h???c tr??, ph??a sau c?? nh???c c??ng n???." ??ng ???????c g???i l?? "Giang Ch????ng s??."
Nam B???c Tri???u
Nam S??? ghi l???i r???ng Ho??ng ????? T??? b??? ph??? tru???t "m???i ????m ?????u m??? h???u s???nh v?? m??? ti???c trong tr???i."
Tri???u ???????ng
Nam T??n Th?? ch??p r???ng L?? Di???u, v??? quan th??i th?? c???a X??, r???t quan t??m ?????n c??c ghi ch??p v??? r?????u c???a Mai Xuy??n v?? X?? Ch??u. ??ng th???m ch?? c??n nh???n nu??i m???t k??? n??? t??n l?? Thi???u Quang. V??o ng??y b??? c??ch ch???c, ??ng ???? h???n v???i n?????c Ng?? ????? ch??m s??c c?? ta. Tr?????c khi ??i, ??ng ???? u???ng r?????u v???i c?? ta, l??ng tr??n ng???p n???i bu???n. C?? m???t b??i th?? r???ng: "Bao n??m cai qu???n qu???n, ta ???? t???n h?????ng cu???c s???ng, h???c c??ch chi???n ?????u v?? h???i ?? ki???n c???a nh???ng k??? say r?????u. H??m nay, tr?????c khi ??i, ta ph???i s???p x???p m???i vi???c, v?? ta s??? nh???n ???????c vi??n ng???c Mai Xuy??n." Ng?? ????p: "Ta m???i ng??y ?????u t???n h?????ng, phong th??i tao nh?? c???a ta kh??ng g?? s??nh b???ng. Tu???i tr??? c???a ta ???? m???t, v?? gi??? ta ???? c?? vi??n ng???c trong l??ng b??n tay."
S??ch Nam T??n Th?? ghi ch??p r???ng m???t v??? quan nh?? ???????ng c?? con trai v???i m???t k??? n??? trong tr???i: "Tr????ng B??c Th????ng, th??i th?? C???m Ch??u, nu??i m???t k??? n??? trong tr???i. Tr????ng S?? Th???c sinh ???????c m???t ng?????i con trai t??n l?? Nh??n Qu??, ???????c ??ng nh???n l??m con nu??i. H??? s???ng gi???a v??ng Giang Ho??i. Sau khi B??c Th????ng m???t, Nh??n Qu?? tr??? v??? Tr?????ng An, ???????c phong l?? Giang Ho??i Lang Qu??n."
Tr??ch "Trung V?? K??? V??n" c???a Cung Minh Tr?? th???i nh?? T???ng ghi l???i: "Khi L?? Thi??n (B???ch C?? D???) l??m th??i th??, c?? l???n d???n Dung M???n, Tr????ng Chi v?? m?????i k??? n??? kh??c ??i ch??i ????m ??? ch??a H??? S??n ??? T??y H???. ??ng ???? vi???t m???t b??i th?? v??? chuy???n ??i n??y. ??i???u n??y cho th???y ch??nh quy???n qu???n th???i ???? kh?? tho???i m??i, c??c quan l???i r???t khoan dung. N???u ??i???u n??y x???y ra ng??y nay (??m ch??? th???i nh?? T???ng), ch???c ch???n s??? b??? coi l?? ph???m t???i!"
????? Ph??? vi???t "Hai b??i th?? v??? vi???c th??p t??ng qu?? t??? th?????ng ngo???n ti???t tr???i m??t m??? ??? Tr????ng B??t C??u c??ng k??? n???, g???p m??a chi???u"; L?? B???ch vi???t "Thu v??? s??n, ????m v???, u???ng r?????u, xem k??? n??? ??? ????ng l??u ??an Ph???".
Khai Nguy??n Thi??n B???o Y S?? c???a V????ng Nh??n V?? ghi l???i: "Tr?????ng An c?? m???t B??nh Khang ph?????ng, n??i g??i m???i d??m s???ng. Trai tr??ng kinh th??nh t??? t???p ??? ????, h??ng n??m c??c s?? t??? Kim S??? m???i ?????n th??m, mang theo gi???y ????? v?? danh nh??n. Ng?????i th???i ???? g???i n??i n??y l?? ch???n b???ng lai ti??n c???nh."
???????ng Y S?? vi???t: "C?? m???t ng?????i ????n ??ng h??? L??. Ch?? c???a ??ng ta, h??? L???, l?? m???t ?????o s??. ??ng m???i L?? ?????n nh?? v?? n??i r???ng mu???n t??m m???t k??? n??? gi???i ch??i ????n tranh. ??ng ta nh??? c?? g??i r??t r?????u. Tr??n ????n tranh c?? kh???c ch??? ?????: 'Ph??n bi???t c??y s??ng tr??n m??y, nh???n bi???t thuy???n v??? tr??n tr???i'". Sau ????, ??ng k???t h??n v???i con g??i c???a L???c Tr?????ng Nguy??n, ng?????i m?? ??ng ???? g???p ??? nh?? h??? L???c. N??ng qu??? th???c l?? m???t ng?????i ch??i ????n c??? tranh gi???i, v?? d??ng ch??? ????? r???t r?? r??ng. L?? k??? l???i nh???ng chuy???n ???? qua, v?? ng?????i ph??? n??? n??i: 'T??i t???ng m?? th???y m??nh b??? m???t v??? ti??n quan truy ??u???i, ????ng nh?? t??i ???? m?? t???.'
Tri???u ?????i nh?? T???ng
Ph??? Tr??c M???n L???c n??i: "Ng??y nay, khi c??c nh?? th?? vi???t v??? ph??? n???, h??? th?????ng d??ng ca m??a ????? gi???i tr??. Ho??ng ????? L????ng Nguy??n ???? vi???t trong b??i th?? "K??? n??? ????p l???nh": "Ti???ng h??t trong tr???o vang v???ng theo ti???ng su???i, v?? nh???ng b??ng ng?????i nh???y m??a hi???n ra trong ao." L??u Ti???u X?????c ???? vi???t trong b??i th?? "Ng???m k??? n???": "N??ng Y???n gi???i m??a, n??ng Tr???nh th??ch h??t trong tr???o." Th??ng Hai n??m Gia Du th??? nh???t, ??u D????ng Tu tr??? v??? t??? s??? m???nh Khi???t ??an. Tr??n ???????ng ??i qua ch??u ?????i Minh, Gi??? Tr?????ng Tri???u ???? ra ????n ??ng. "Tr?????c ????, C??ng t?????c ???? d???n k??? n??? so???n th?? ????? m???i m???i ng?????i u???ng r?????u, nh??ng C??c k??? n??? ch??? g???t ?????u. Sau ????, ??ng sai c??c k??? n??? v??o ?????i s???nh ????? b??o c??o v??? b???a ti???c, nh??ng h??? c??ng ch??? g???t ?????u. C??ng t?????c ng???c nhi??n v?? ngh?? r???ng h??? l?? ng?????i n??ng th??n. Sau b???a ti???c, c??c k??? n??? nh???y m??a v?? ca h??t ????? ??n m???ng s??? ki???n n??y. V??nh Th??c c???m ch??n c???a m??nh l???ng nghe, v?? ??ng lu??n r??t ?????y n??. C??ng t?????c l???i ng???c nhi??n v?? tri???u t???p h??? ?????n ????? h???i v??? b???a ti???c. C??c k??? n??? h??t th?? c???a ??ng. [8] ????ng Pha Ch?? L??m ghi l???i r???ng khi T?? Th???c l??m quan ?????a ph????ng ??? Ti???n ???????ng, "m???t k??? n??? c?? bi???t danh l?? H??? C???u V?? ???? n???p ????n xin mi???n ????ng k?? ch??nh th???c. ????ng Pha ph??n, 'N??m ng??y sau, k??? n??? s??? ???????c t??? do; H??? C???u V?? s??? ???????c t??? do tr??? th??nh m???t ng?????i ph??? n??? t???t.' M???t k??? n??? kh??c c??ng y??u c???u ???????c mi???n ????ng k?? ch??nh th???c theo quy t???c. ????ng Pha ph??n, '?? ?????nh th??c ?????y n???n v??n minh ph????ng Nam c???a ng????i l?? ????ng khen ng???i, nh??ng mong mu???n h??? tr??? ng?????i d??n ph????ng B???c c???a ng????i l?? kh??ng th??? ch???p n???n ???????c. Y??u c???u c???a ng????i kh??ng ???????c ch???p nh???n.'
"C??? Hi???n T??? Lu???n" c???a D????ng Hi ghi l???i: "Khi T?? Th???c l??m th??i th?? Ti???n ???????ng, ??ng c?? m???t k??? n??? t??n l?? T?? Lan. N??ng v???n th??ng minh, gi???i quy???t ??o??n. Tr??n h??? c?? y???n ti???c, m???t nh??m k??? n??? t??? t???p. Sau khi y???n ti???c k???t th??c, ch??? c?? T?? Lan l?? ch??a ?????n. N??ng ?????n sau m???t h???i ch??? ?????i. Khi ???????c h???i t???i sao, n??ng tr??? l???i r???ng ???? bu???c t??c, t???m r???a xong v?? ng??? thi???p ??i. ?????t nhi??n, n??ng nghe th???y ti???ng g?? c???a g???p g??p. N??ng ?????ng d???y h???i, th?? ra l?? nh???c tr?????ng th??c gi???c n??ng ?????n. Sao n??ng d??m l?? l??? N??ng n??i th???t. T??? Tri???n ???? tha th??? cho n??ng, nh??ng m???t th??? n??? v?? n??ng ?????n mu???n n??n c??? tra h???i m??i. L??c ????, hoa l???u ??ang n??? r???, T?? Lan b??? m???t c??nh ????a cho th??? n???, th??? n??? c??ng th??m t???c gi???n. T?? Lan lau n?????c m???t, kh??ng n??i g??. T??? Chi??m b??n so???n m???t b??i h??t "T???t m??t m???" v?? b???o ??ng h??t theo, khi???n cho ng?????i h???u kia ngu??i gi???n.
V????ng Thi???u c??ch ch???c Ph?? C?? M???t Vi???n v?? b??? nhi???m B??? L??? l??m Th??i th?? Ng???c Ch??u. M???t h??m, t???i m???t b???a ti???c, m???t k??? n??? ch??i nh???c. ????m ?????n, m???t v??? kh??ch t??n l?? Tr????ng C?? say x???n v?? c??? g???ng gi??? k??? n??? l???i. Khi c?? ta t??? ch???i ti???n l??n, ??ng ta ?????t nhi??n ??m ch???m l???y c?? ta. K??? n??? kh??c l??c v?? than phi???n v???i Thi???u. T???t c??? kh??ch kh???a ?????u th???t v???ng. Thi???u ch???m r??i n??i: "Ng????i c??? g???ng ti???p ????i kh??ch, nh??ng ng????i ???? ph?? h???ng ni???m vui c???a h???." ??ng ta sai ng?????i mang m???t chi???c c???c l???n ?????n ????? tr???ng ph???t k??? n???. Sau ????, v??? m???t ??ng ta v???n kh??ng thay ?????i, v???n n??i chuy???n v?? c?????i ????a nh?? th?????ng l???. ??ng ta c??ng l?? m???t ng?????i ????n ??ng c?? ph???m ch???t t???t.
Trong "T??nh Khang K??" c???a V????ng Ph??? c?? ch??p: "Sau v?????n c?? m???t ch??? hoa, cao nh?? n??i, gi???a c?? b???n l???i ??i, gi???ng nh?? k??? vi???n c???a ng?????i th?????ng." "Kinh M???ng" ch??p: "T??? th???i Tr??ng Quan, k??? vi???n trong kinh th??nh... ca s?? L?? Thi Thi, T??? Ph??n Hi, Ph??ng ??n N??, T??n Tam T?? v?? nhi???u ng?????i kh??c l?? nh???ng ng?????i gi???i nh???t."
Trong ???L???ch s??? ti???ng c?????i c??? ?????i v?? hi???n ?????i??? c???a Ph??ng M???ng Long c?? m???t c??u chuy???n c?????i v??? vi???c ???kh??ng g???n g??i g??i m???i d??m???: ???Hai v??? Tr??nh ?????i s?? (t???c Tr??nh H???o v?? Tr??nh Ngh???, hai nh?? nho theo tr?????ng ph??i T??n Nho gi??o) ?????n d??? y???n ti???c c???a c??c s?? phu v?? quan l???i, v?? c?? g??i m???i d??m h???u r?????u. D???ch Xuy??n (Tr??nh H???o) ?????ng d???y ph???i qu???n ??o. Minh ?????o (Tr??nh H???o) vui v??? r???i ??i. Ng??y h??m sau, D???ch Xuy??n ?????n x?????ng v??? c???a Minh ?????o, v???n c??n b???c b???i. Minh ?????o n??i: ???H??m qua, b??n c???a ta c?? g??i m???i d??m, nh??ng ta kh??ng ????? ??. H??m nay, x?????ng v??? c???a ta kh??ng c?? g??i m???i d??m, nh??ng ng????i l???i c??.???
???Gi???c m???ng Nam T???ng??? c???a Ng?? T??? M???c ghi l???i r???ng: ???V??o th???i Thi???u H??ng, D????ng D???ch Trung, v?? nhi???u binh l??nh ????ng qu??n ??? ???? ?????n t??? T??y B???c, n??n ???? l???p ra c??c nh?? h??t trong v?? ngo??i th??nh, chi??u m??? g??i m???i d??m v?? nh???c c??ng cho binh l??nh gi???i tr??. Gi??? ????y, thanh ni??n nh?? qu?? t???c ??ang g??y ra h???n lo???n v?? ph?? ho???i, th???m ch?? c??n t???i t??? h??n ??? Bi??n ?????. H??ng Ch??u c?? kh??ng d?????i m?????i b???y r???p h??t, c??? trong l???n ngo??i th??nh ph???."
S??ch "S??? k?? nh?? T???ng", v??o n??m Thi??n Th??nh th??? nh???t c???a Ho??ng ????? T???ng Nh??n T??ng, c?? ch??p: "M???t s???c l???nh c???a tri???u ????nh ra l???nh th??? n??? c??ng nh??n trong c??c x?????ng may v?? s???n xu???t c??ng nh?? ph??? n??? l??m vi???c trong c??c x?????ng ??? mi???n B???c v?? mi???n Nam. H??? ???????c t??? do l??m b???t c??? ??i???u g?? h??? mu???n."
L??u D??ng t??? x??ng l?? "L??u Tam Bi???n, ng?????i ???? ?????n v???i g??i m???i d??m theo l???nh c???a tri???u ????nh."
"T???p ch?? Y???n B???c" c???a L???c H???u Nh??n, T???p 2, ghi l???i r???ng Ph???m Th??nh ?????t ???? t???ng Kh????ng Khu?? m???t b??i Thanh Y Ti???u H???ng. Kh????ng Khu?? ???? vi???t trong m???t b??i th??: "L???i th?? m???i c???a ta l?? quy???n r?? nh???t; Ti???u H???ng h??t khe kh??? trong khi ta th???i s??o."
Trong v??n bia "V??n bia Tr????ng Cung, m???t v??? quan cao c???p trong tri???u ????nh, v?? m???t m???t th???t ch??? huy", t???p 38 c???a V??? Nam t???p truy???n c???a L??? Du, c?? ghi ch??p r???ng Tr????ng C???n "???? mua m???t k??? n??? ??? tr???i L??m An v?? ????a c?? ta v??? nh??, sau ???? mu???n b??? r??i v??? con..."
"T??y H??? Du K??" ghi l???i r???ng m???t c?? g??i h??t rong ???? b??? ch??? nh??n c???a m??nh gi???t ch???t d?? man v?? khen ng???i hai ch??ng trai tr??? ?????p trai. (Gi???) T?? ?????o s???ng tr??n h???. M???t ng??y n???, ??ng ??ang d???a v??o m???t t??a th??p v?? ng???m c???nh, c??ng v???i c??c k??? n??? c???a m??nh. Hai ?????o s??, tay c???m qu???t l??ng, ??i v??o b??? tr??n m???t chi???c thuy???n nh???. M???t trong s??? c??c k??? n??? th???t l??n: "Th???t l?? nh???ng ch??ng trai tr??? ?????p trai!" T?? ?????o n??i: "N???u ng????i mu???n c?????i h???, ta s??? gi??? ng????i l???i v?? ch???p nh???n h??n ?????c." K??? n??? m???m c?????i nh??ng kh??ng n??i g??. M???t l??c sau, c?? ng?????i mang m???t chi???c h???p ?????n v?? tri???u t???p c??c k??? n???, n??i: "Ta v???a m???i nh???n l???i ????nh h??n v???i m???t k??? n???." Ch??ng m??? h???p ra v?? nh??n th???y ?????u c???a nh???ng k??? n???. C??c k??? n??? r??ng m??nh.
Tri???u Nguy??n: Marco Polo k??? r???ng t???i kinh ???? ?????i ???? (nay l?? B???c Kinh) c???a tri???u Nguy??n, "t???t c??? g??i m???i d??m ?????u s???ng ngo??i th??nh, ch??? kh??ng ph???i trong th??nh... C?? h??n 20.000 ng?????i, t???t c??? ?????u c?? th??? t??? nu??i s???ng b???n th??n b???ng ch??nh m??i t??c c???a m??nh, ??i???u n??y cho ta th???y ???????c d??n s??? ??? ????" (Marco Polo du k??, Ph??ng Th??nh Qu??n d???ch, Nh?? xu???t b???n Nh?? s??ch Th?????ng H???i, 2001, trang 358). H??ng Ch??u, v???n l?? kinh ???? c???a Nam T???ng v?? l?? th??nh ph??? l???n nh???t ??? Giang Nam, l?? n??i c?? "g??i m???i d??m, nh?? th??? v?? qu??n r?????u" (Nguy??n ??i???n Ch????ng, t???p 57, "M?????i ch??n ??i???u c???m c???a B??? T?? ph??p, C???m b???o ch??a, v?? Ba v??? ??n v??? Tuy??n b??? c???a Zhahuerdai"). Marco Polo ?????c bi???t ????? c???p ?????n g??i m???i d??m ??? ????, n??i r???ng: "C?? r???t nhi???u g??i m???i d??m m?? t??i kh??ng d??m m?? t???. H??? kh??ng ch??? ???????c t??m th???y ??? nh???ng n??i nh???ng ng?????i n??y th?????ng s???ng g???n ch???, m?? c??n c?? m???t ??? kh???p th??nh ph???. Qu???n ??o c???a h??? s??ng m??u r???c r???, m??i h????ng n???ng n??n, h??? c?? nhi???u ng?????i h???u, nh?? c???a ?????p ?????. H??? gi???i l???a g???t ng?????i kh??c, l???i n??i v?? c??ch ???ng x??? c???a h??? ?????u r???t h???p v???i l??ng ng?????i. Ng?????i n?????c ngo??i v???a ?????t ch??n ?????n n??i c???a h???, h??? l???p t???c b??? m?? ho???c. V?? v???y, khi h??? tr??? v???, h??? lu??n n??i r???ng h??? ???? ?????n t??a th??? ch??nh v?? r???t mong mu???n ???????c quay l???i ????. (Marco Polo du k??, trang 359). Tri???u ?????i nh?? Minh V??o th???i nh?? Minh, b???u kh??ng kh?? x?? h???i th???i n??t v?? tri???u ????nh ????nh thu??? g??i m???i d??m. Trong Wuzazu c???a T??? Chi??u Tri???t n??i, "Ng??y nay, g??i m???i d??m ??? kh???p m???i n??i tr??n th??? gi???i. ??? c??c th??nh ph??? l???n, th?????ng c?? h??ng ngh??n ng?????i. H??? c??ng c?? th??? ???????c t??m th???y ??? c??c th??? tr???n v?? l??ng m???c xa x??i. H??? d??nh c??? ng??y ??? b???c c???a, b??n n??? c?????i v?? m???i d??m ????? ki???m s???ng. Cu???c s???ng c???a h??? th???t ????ng th????ng! C??c quan l???i tri???u ????nh ??? kinh ???? thu thu??? h???, g???i h??? l?? "ti???n m??? ph???m". Nh???ng ng?????i d?????i quy???n qu???n l?? c???a c??c ch??u huy???n ???????c coi l?? g??i m???i d??m, ph???i tu??n l???nh. C??? nh?? ???????ng v?? nh?? T???ng ?????u s??? d???ng g??i m???i d??m l??m b???n nh???u ch??nh th???c, v?? ??i???u n??y v???n ti???p di???n trong nh???ng n??m ?????u c???a n???n C???ng h??a. V??o ?????u tri???u ?????i Tuy??n ?????c, m???t l???nh c???m ???? ???????c ban h??nh, nh??ng nh???ng ng?????i ??? nh?? trong gi???i qu?? t???c th?? ???????c mi???n. Do ????, m???c d?? h??? ???? bi???n m???t kh???i c??c t??a ??n c??ng c???ng, nh??ng h??? th?????ng ???????c t??m th???y ??? n??ng th??n. C??ng c?? nh???ng ng?????i kh??ng li??n quan ?????n ch??nh ph??? nh??ng h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m t???i nh??, th?????ng ???????c g???i l?? 'ng?????i l??m t??? ri??ng', v?? s??? l?????ng c???a h??? v?? s???!
"Meipu Yutan" n??i: "G???n ????y, phong t???c th???i ???? r???t ph??ng t??ng, c??? nam l???n n??? ?????u v?? li??m s???. B??n ngo??i ho??ng th??nh, c??c k??? vi???n m???c l??n nh?? n???m, tr??n ng???p ??m nh???c v?? ca h??t. Nh???ng ng?????i d??n th?????ng ch???t v???t ki???m s???ng th?????ng d??? d??? m???t s??? c?? g??i ??n m??y v?? l???p n??n c??c k??? vi???n ri??ng, ???????c g???i l?? k??? vi???n. H??? th?????ng c?? m???t c???a s??? tr???i trong ph??ng v?? hai ho???c ba l??? nh??? kho??t tr??n t?????ng h?????ng ra ???????ng. Nh???ng c?? g??i ??n m??y s??? ??n m???c ch???nh t???, ng???i kho??? th??n b??n trong, v???a ng??m th?? v???a l??m nh???ng ?????ng t??c khi??u d??m. Nh???ng ch??ng trai tr??? nh?? Ph?? L?????ng ??i ngang qua, nh??n qua l??? h???ng. Kh??ng c?????ng l???i ???????c, h??? g?? c???a b?????c v??o. M???t h??ng d??i nh???ng c?? g??i ??n m??y kh???a th??n ti???n ?????n, nh???ng ai ph?? h???p s??? tr??? b???y ?????ng ti???n, r???i n???m tay nhau l??n gi?????ng, m???t l??t sau r???i ??i.
Tri???u Thanh
N??m Ung Ch??nh th??? b???y (1729), Gi??? Ph????ng T??? ???????c ?????i t??n th??nh H??a Th???nh T???, v?? t???t c??? nh???c c??ng t??? kh???p c??c v??ng ?????u b??? x??a t??n kh???i danh s??ch th?????ng d??n.
D?????i tri???u ?????i c???a Ho??ng ????? C??n Long, m???t ch??? d??? ???????c ban h??nh n??u r??: "B???n ??i???u ??c n??y l?? c?????p c???a, gi???t ng?????i, l??m b??? th????ng ch??n tay, ph?? nh?? c???a, v?? h???y ho???i ?????o ?????c c???a ng?????i d??n. Kh??ng c?? g?? h???i ng?????i t???t h??n nh???ng ??i???u n??y."
B??nh Xu??n L??? Y??n ????i n??i: "V??o th???i Gia Kh??nh v?? ?????o Quang, s??u ph??? c???m ng???t; trai h??t rong kh???p n??i, v?? c??c quan v??n B??nh Khang kh??ng d??m ??? ????. C??c s?? t??? v?? quan l???i c??ng s??? nh???ng chuy???n b???t ng???, n??n kh??ng mu???n g???n g??i v???i g??i m???i d??m." "Tr?????c th???i ?????o Quang, kinh th??nh coi tr???ng g??i m???i d??m nh???t, v?? r???t ??t nh?? th???."
Kinh Hoa Xu??n M???ng L???: "V??o gi???a th???i Quang T??? c???a nh?? Thanh, tr??o l??u trai h??t rong v?? g??i m???i d??m r???t th???nh h??nh, v?? c??c s?? t??? v?? quan l???i trong tri???u ?????u x???u h??? v?? c?? g??i m???i d??m." Khi Th???ch H???ng B???o, ng?????i H??ng Ch??u, ?????n Ph??c Ki???n, ch???ng ki???n c???nh ph??? n??? Ph??c Ch??u h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m tr??n thuy???n: "??? Nam ????i c?? m???t lo???i thuy???n, m??i che b???ng v??n. Tr?????c sau ?????u c?? c???a, tr??i ph???i ?????u c?? c???a s???, gi???a thuy???n c?? gi?????ng c?? b??n. Ba n??m k??? n??? xinh ?????p ??i c??ng ????n kh??ch, qua l???i gi???a s??ng H???ng ???????ng v?? c???a s??ng. Thuy???n n??y g???i l?? thuy???n n???m. Quan l???i, th????ng nh??n gi??u c?? ?????u ???????c m???i ?????n ????n ti???p, ti???n kh??ch. ????n ????? r?????u xanh, tr??c t????i, l???a tr???ng, nh???ng kh??c ca m???ng m??. N?? ?????p m?? h???n nh?? Lo???n Thi??n ??? Qu???ng ????ng, H???ng C??c ??? Chi???t Giang."
Thanh B???ch L??i Tri???u ghi ch??p: "??? Gia ???ng Kh??c B???, Tri???u Ch??u, m???t n???a l?? con g??i nh?? Tanka... Khi m???t c?? g??i sinh ra, t??y theo nhan s???c m?? ???????c gi??? l???i ????? d??ng, ho???c b??n cho thuy???n b??n c???nh. Cha m??? v?? anh em trai th?????ng ?????n th??m. Khi l???n l??n, c?? b?? s??? ???????c m???c ??o l???a v?? th???i s??o. D?????ng nh?? ????y l?? m???t phong t???c khi???n c?? b?? kh??ng th??? tr??nh kh???i vi???c tr??? th??nh g??i m???i d??m." .Nguy??n Mai n??i: "Su???t hai ng??n n??m, m???i d??m l?? m???t t???p t???c m?? kh??ng m???t b???c qu??n v????ng hay ?????c quan n??o c?? th??? c???m ??o??n. C??ng nh?? c??c nh?? s??, ?????o s?? v?? ch??a chi???n, n?? v???n lan tr??n kh???p c??? n?????c v?? l?? m???t c??ch t???t ????? ti???p ????i nh???ng ng?????i nh??n r???i."
"Th???i H??m Phong, m???i d??m r???t th???nh h??nh. Trong nh???ng ng?? h???m nh?? Y??n Chi Th???ch ?????u, nh?? n??o c??ng treo ????n l???ng b???ng v???i g???m v?? treo thi???p ????? tr?????c c???a. M???i bu???i chi???u, xe ng???a v?? kh??ch kh???a t???p n???p ?????n, ti???ng ng?????i g???i r?????u ti???n kh??ch vang l??n inh ???i su???t ????m. C??c s?? t??? v?? quan l???i ???? quen v???i ??i???u ???? v?? kh??ng c??n th???y l??? l???m n???a."
????? Ho??ng theo Wikipedia, b??ch khoa to??n th?? m???

D???p m???i dam th???i x??a - Trung Hoa.

Ti???t l??? b?? m???t v??? Chi???n d???ch Ch???ng Khi??u d??m th???i Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i
Khang Hy ra l???nh ch??m ?????u nh???ng k??? c???m ?????u
Ph????ng L??u,
Vi???c tr???n ??p v?? c???m ??o??n m???i d??m hi???n nay th?????ng ???????c g???i l?? "ch???ng khi??u d??m". V???y, chi???n d???ch n??y ???????c th???c hi???n nh?? th??? n??o ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i?
V??o th???i Xu??n Thu n??m 645 TCN, m???t nh??m g??i m???i d??m n???i l??n ??? n?????c T???. Qu???n Tr???ng, khi ???? l?? m???t quan ch???c c???p cao, ???? th??nh l???p "N???i L???c" (N???i L???) trong cung ??i???n c???a T??? Ho??n C??ng, n??i c?? t???i 700 g??i m???i d??m c??ng m???t l??c. N???i L???c, c??n ???????c g???i l?? "N??? L???c", l?? nh???ng nh?? th??? do tri???u ????nh qu???n l??, ra ?????i tr?????c "nh?? th??? qu???c doanh" do Solon th??nh l???p ??? ph????ng T??y n???a th??? k???.
Qu???n Tr???ng th??nh l???p c??c nh?? th??? ????? t??ng thu ng??n s??ch trung ????ng c???a n?????c T??? v?? "cung c???p chi ti??u cho nh?? n?????c". Tuy nhi??n, nh???ng g??i m???i d??m n??y ngay l???p t???c v???p ph???i nhi???u tranh c??i. "Chi???n l?????c c???a Chi???n Qu???c: Chi???n l?????c c???a tri???u ?????i ????ng Chu" ghi l???i: "T??? Ho??n C??ng c?? b???y khu ch??? trong cung ??i???n v?? b???y tr??m ph??ng n???i, b??? d??n ch??ng l??n ??n." "L???nh l??n ??n" ??m ch??? s??? ph???n ?????i c??c k??? vi???n, v?? ????y ???????c cho l?? ti???ng n??i ?????u ti??n ??? Trung Qu???c k??u g???i "c???m m???i d??m".
M???c d?? ch??nh s??ch "ng??nh c??ng nghi???p t??nh d???c" c???a Qu???n Tr???ng v???p ph???i s??? ph???n ?????i c???a c??ng ch??ng, nh??ng n?? v???n ph??t tri???n m???nh m???. Sau th???i T???n v?? th???i H??n, "ch??? ????? nh???c gia" v?? "ch??? ????? quan m???i d??m" d???n d???n h??nh th??nh, c??ng v???i s??? xu???t hi???n c???a c??i g???i l?? v??n h??a k??? vi???n.
M???c d?? v??n h??a k??? vi???n ???? tr??? th??nh m???t ph???n ?????c ????o c???a v??n h??a d??n gian Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i, nh??ng nh???ng l???i k??u g???i c???m m???i d??m c???a c??c tri???u ?????i v???n kh??ng bao gi??? ng???ng l???i. ?????c bi???t, trong s??? nh???ng ng?????i d??n th?????ng, t???ng l???p th???p r???t c??m gh??t h??? th???ng k??? vi???n, v?? m???i d??m c??ng vi???c g??? g???m m???i d??m b??? coi l?? ????ng khinh b???. Nh???ng t??? ng??? th?? t???c nh?? "con hoang" v?? "g??i h??" th?????ng ???????c d??ng ????? nguy???n r???a c??? nam l???n n??? tham gia m???i d??m, ?????nh h?????ng ?????o ?????c x?? h???i. Tr??n th???c t???, ????y l?? m???t "l???nh c???m m???i d??m v??? m???t ?????o ?????c".
T???ng Nh??n T??ng quy ?????nh r???ng c??c quan ch???c "kh??ng ???????c ?????n nh?? th???".
L???nh c???m m???i d??m v??? m???t ?????o ?????c n??y kh??ng ph???i l?? m???t bi???n ph??p d???a tr??n ch??nh s??ch, v?? do ???? kh??ng c?? nhi???u t??c ?????ng. ????? ????p l???i nh???ng l???i k??u g???i c???m m???i d??m, tri???u ????nh x??a th?????ng ban h??nh c??c ch??nh s??ch h???n ch??? m???i d??m v?? m???i d??m nh???m thanh l???c m??i tr?????ng x?? h???i, ??i???u ch???nh c??c chu???n m???c ?????o ?????c v?? qu???n l?? h??nh vi c???a quan ch???c. Nh???ng h???n ch??? n??y c?? th??? ???????c coi l?? "l???nh c???m m???i d??m h???p ph??p" c???a Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i.
??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i, "l???nh c???m m???i d??m h???p ph??p" th?????ng l?? m???t "cu???c ????n ??p khi??u d??m" c?? ??i???u ki???n. M?? h??nh sinh t???n c???a g??i m???i d??m ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i r???t ph???c t???p, bao g???m g??i m???i d??m cung ????nh, g??i m???i d??m quan ch???c, g??i m???i d??m qu??n ?????i, g??i m???i d??m n???i ?????a, g??i m???i d??m t?? nh??n v?? g??i m???i d??m b?? m???t. Nh???ng g??i m???i d??m n??y ban ?????u xu???t ph??t t??? n?? l??? v?? t?? binh chi???n tranh, sau ???? ch??? y???u bao g???m ph??? n??? g??a ch???ng, con g??i c???a t???i ph???m (quan l???i), v?? ph??? n??? b??n m??nh. Tuy nhi??n, h???u nh?? m???i tri???u ?????i ?????u c???m "??p bu???c ph??? n??? c?? ph???m ch???t t???t v??o ngh??? m???i d??m", th???c hi???n c??c c?? ch??? ki???m so??t ti???p c???n ????? ng??n ch???n s??? suy tho??i ?????o ?????c x?? h???i n??i chung. V?? d???, lu???t nh?? Minh quy ?????nh r???ng "b???t k??? g??i m???i d??m ho???c ng?????i mua d??m n??o mua con c??i c???a ng?????i t???t l??m g??i m???i d??m s??? b??? ph???t 100 roi".
?????ng th???i, h??nh vi t??nh d???c c???a nh???ng ng?????i mua d??m, hay c??n g???i l?? kh??ch h??ng, c??ng b??? h???n ch???, v???i nh???ng h???n ch??? nghi??m ng???t nh???t ???????c ??p d???ng ?????i v???i c??c quan ch???c c?? tr??ch nhi???m x?? h???i. V?? d???, d?????i th???i nh?? T???ng, c??c quan ch???c b??? c???m ?????n th??m g??i m???i d??m. Ho??ng ????? Tri???u Trinh (T???ng Nh??n T??ng) ???? quy ?????nh r???ng c??c quan ch???c ph??? tr??ch h??? th???ng t?? ph??p h??nh s???, bao g???m c??? Ch??nh ??n, b??? c???m g??? g???m g??i m???i d??m. ??i???u n??y ???????c g???i l?? "kh??ng ???????c ?????n v???i g??i m???i d??m ????? mua vui".
B???n m????i ho???c n??m m????i n??m sau, Ho??ng ????? Tri???u H??c (T???ng Th???n T??ng) ???? m??? r???ng l???nh c???m n??y ????? bao g???m t???t c??? c??c quan ch???c gi??m s??t, ch??? kh??ng ch??? ri??ng Ch??nh ??n. Tuy nhi??n, c?? m???t ngo???i l???: m???t ng??y trong 365 ng??y ???????c ph??p "ngh??? ng??i" - sinh nh???t c???a Tri???u H??c, ???????c g???i l?? "Ng??y Th??nh". B??i th?? ??????ng ?????i, "????m nay, b??? h??? kh??ng c???n ng???; xu??n v???n c??n ????y tr?????c khi chu??ng s??ng reo", m?? t??? ????m c???a "Ng??y Th??nh" n??y.
Trong t???t c??? c??c tri???u ?????i Trung Hoa c??? ?????i, nh?? ???????ng c?? ng??nh c??ng nghi???p t??nh d???c ph??t tri???n nh???t v?? tr??nh ????? c???a g??i m???i d??m cao nh???t. Ch??nh quy???n nh?? ???????ng ???? thi???t l???p h??? th???ng m???i d??m ch??nh th???c, h???p ph??p h??a t?? c??ch c???a g??i m???i d??m v?? bi???n m???i d??m th??nh m???t ng??nh c??ng nghi???p h???p ph??p.
?????ng th???i, ch??nh quy???n nh?? ???????ng ???? th??nh l???p m???t c?? quan h??nh ch??nh chuy??n tr??ch, "Gi??o ph?????ng", ????? gi??m s??t g??i m???i d??m ho???t ?????ng trong kinh ????. T???t c??? nh???ng ng?????i h??nh ngh??? ?????u ???????c y??u c???u ????ng k?? v?? tr???i qua "????o t???o ngh???" tr?????c khi tuy???n d???ng. Nh???ng ng?????i c?? gi???ng h??t hay ???????c ????o t???o th??nh g??i h??t, nh???ng ng?????i c?? n??ng khi???u ??m nh???c tr??? th??nh nh???c s??, nh???ng ng?????i c?? v??c d??ng ?????p tr??? th??nh v?? n???, nh???ng ng?????i c?? t???u l?????ng t???t tr??? th??nh g??i u???ng r?????u, v.v. Do ????, h??nh ???nh k??? n??? th?????ng xuy??n xu???t hi???n trong c??c t??c ph???m c???a c??c nh?? th?? th???i ???????ng.
Minh Huy???n T??ng ra l???nh
B??i b??? "trinh n???"
Ch??? ????? m???i d??m ch??nh th???c c???a nh?? ???????ng ???? c?? t??c ?????ng s??u s???c ?????n c??c th??? h??? sau. M??i ?????n th???i nh?? Minh, ch??? ????? n??y m???i b??? b??i b???, ????nh d???u m???t xu h?????ng m???i trong phong tr??o ch???ng m???i d??m ??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i.
Th???c t???, nh?? Minh kh??ng h??? c???m m???i d??m ngay t??? ?????u. Chu Nguy??n Ch????ng, v??? ho??ng ????? khai qu???c c???a nh?? Minh, v???n l?? m???t nh?? s??, kh??ng nh???ng kh??ng c???m m?? c??n t??ch c???c th??c ?????y n??. D???a tr??n ch??? ????? m???i d??m ch??nh th???c c???a nh?? ???????ng v?? nh?? T???ng, nh?? Minh ???? n??ng c???p Giao Ph????ng th??nh Giao Ph????ng T???, tr???c thu???c B??? L???, ph??? tr??ch gi??o d???c v?? ngo???i giao.
Theo "Th??nh Th??nh Thi Lu???n" c???a Giang Minh Th?? t??? th???i nh?? Minh, Chu Nguy??n Ch????ng ???? x??y d???ng 14 nh?? h??ng cao c???p, bao g???m Thanh Nham v?? ??an Ph???n, d???c theo s??ng N???i v?? Ngo???i T???n Ho??i ??? khu v???c quanh c???a C??c B???o (nay l?? c???a Trung Hoa), ph??a nam Nam Kinh. Khu v???c n??y ???????c bi???t ?????n v???i t??n g???i "khu ????n ?????" c???a tri???u Minh, "T???ng th??? m?????i b???n c???a Hoa Nh???c Xu??n Phong" d???c theo s??ng T???n Ho??i. Nh???ng nh?? h??ng n??y t???ng l?? "nh?? th??? ch??nh th???c". Do thi???u g??i m???i d??m tr?????c khi m??? c???a, Chu Nguy??n Ch????ng ???? ra l???nh tuy???n d???ng nh???ng ph??? n??? c?? kinh nghi???m t??? kh???p c??? n?????c, th??c gi???c h??? v??o ngh??? c??ng nhanh c??ng t???t. V???i s??? th??ng ti???n c???a ch??nh quy???n v?? c??c quan ch???c ??i ?????u, vi???c ti??u th??? t??nh d???c th???c s??? ???? th??c ?????y "nhu c???u n???i ?????a" v??o ?????u tri???u Minh. G??i m???i d??m l?? kh??ng th??? thi???u trong c??c bu???i h???p m???t ri??ng t??, v?? "g??i ba b???n" ???????c ph??p tham gia c??c b???a ti???c ch??nh th???c.
S??? gia t??ng nhanh ch??ng c???a g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c ???? d???n ?????n nhi???u v???n ?????, v?? nhu c???u c???a c??ng ch??ng v??? vi???c c???m m???i d??m ng??y c??ng t??ng cao. Ch???t c???a Chu Nguy??n Ch????ng, Chu Chi??m C?? (Ho??ng ????? Huy???n T??ng c???a tri???u Minh), ???? ra l???nh b??i b??? m???i d??m ch??nh th???c v?? nghi??m c???m c??c quan ch???c ?????n c??c khu ????n ?????. ??i???u n??y ????nh d???u s??? kh???i ?????u c???a phong tr??o "c???m m???i d??m" v??o th???i nh?? Minh.
H??nh ?????ng c???a Chu Chi??m C?? l?? m???t s??? ki???n quan tr???ng trong l???ch s??? chi???n d???ch ch???ng m???i d??m c???a Trung Qu???c. Nh??ng m???i ch??nh s??ch ?????u c?? bi???n ph??p ?????i ph??. Tuy kh??ng c?? g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c, nh??ng v???n c?? g??i m???i d??m t?? nh??n. M???t s??? ng?????i ????n ??ng gi??u c??, kh??ng b??? ???nh h?????ng b???i "l???nh c???m m???i d??m", v???n nu??i g??i m???i d??m trong nh??. C??ng v???i s??? suy gi???m c???a g??i m???i d??m ch??nh th???c, g??i m???i d??m t?? nh??n l???i gia t??ng, ?????c bi???t l?? m???t s??? l?????ng l???n ???????c g???i l?? "??? m???i d??m t?? nh??n".
Chu Chi??m C?? ch??? tr??? v?? 11 n??m v?? qua ?????i ??? tu???i 38. Sau ????, c??c quy ?????nh v??? m???i d??m ???????c n???i l???ng. V??o cu???i th???i nh?? Minh, hai b??n b??? s??ng T???n Ho??i, nay l?? Nam Kinh, r???i r??c c??c nh?? th??? v?? nh?? h??ng, v?? nhi???u thuy???n du ngo???n ???????c s??? d???ng l??m t??? ??i???m m???i d??m di ?????ng, bi???n n??i ????y th??nh trung t??m c??ng nghi???p t??nh d???c c???a c??? n?????c. "B???n Ki???u T???p b??t", do D?? Ho??i th???i nh?? Thanh vi???t, l?? m???t ghi ch??p ch??n th???c v??? ?????i s???ng t??nh d???c c???a c??c h???c gi???, sinh vi??n v?? quan l???i t???i c??c khu ????n ????? th???i b???y gi???. C??i g???i l?? "T??m m??? nh??n T???n Ho??i" l?? t??m g??i m???i d??m s???ng d???c theo s??ng T???n Ho??i, t???t c??? ?????u xu???t hi???n v??o cu???i tri???u Minh v?? ?????u tri???u Thanh.
Ho??ng ????? Khang Hy c???a nh?? Thanh ???? ban h??nh m???t s???c l???nh.
Nh???ng ng?????i ch???u tr??ch nhi???m "li??n k???t m??? nh?? th???" s??? b??? x??? t???.
So v???i tri???u Minh, l???nh c???m m???i d??m c???a nh?? Thanh th???m ch?? c??n nghi??m ng???t h??n, m???c d?? ch??ng c??ng ???????c thay ?????i nhi???u l???n. V??o ?????u tri???u Thanh, theo ch??? ????? nh?? Minh, V??n ph??ng Giao Ph????ng ???????c th??nh l???p t???i kinh ????. Tuy nhi??n, Ho??ng ????? Thu???n Tr??? ???? hai l???n sa th???i c??c n??? nh???c c??ng c???a Giao Ph????ng, ????o t???o 48 ho???n quan ????? thay th??? g??i m???i d??m cho c??c s??? ki???n trong cung. V??o n??m th??? t??m c???a tri???u ?????i Thu???n Tr??? (n??m 1651), tri???u ????nh ra l???nh ch???m d???t ho???t ?????ng c???a c??c n??? nh???c c??ng Giao Ph????ng v?? b???t ?????u l???nh c???m m???i d??m, ph??t ?????ng "chi???n d???ch b??i tr??? m???i d??m" c???a nh?? Thanh t??? tr??n xu???ng d?????i. V??o n??m th??? m?????i s??u c???a tri???u ?????i Thu???n Tr??? (1659 SCN), c??c n??? nh???c c??ng b??? b??i b??? tr???c ti???p.
Ho??ng ????? Khang Hy k??? th???a ch??nh s??ch c???m m???i d??m c???a tri???u ?????i Thu???n Tr???, v?? ti???p t???c th???c hi???n v??o n??m th??? 12 (1673). C??c ??i???u lu???t ???????c ban h??nh v??o n??m th??? 19 (1680) ???? quy ?????nh r?? r??ng: "B???t k??? ai m??? nh?? th??? ????? d??? d??? ph??? n??? v?? tr??? em s??? b??? x??? t??? nh?? m???t k??? ?????c th??n, v?? nh???ng ng?????i theo sau s??? b??? ????y ?????n H???c Long Giang v?? c??c n??i kh??c ????? l??m n?? l??? cho l??nh m???c ??o gi??p."
Ho??ng ????? Gia Kh??nh ti???p t???c t??ng c?????ng h??nh ph???t ?????i v???i m???i d??m. B??? lu???t Thanh s???a ?????i, ???????c ban h??nh v??o n??m th??? 16 (1811), quy ?????nh: "N???u ph??t hi???n ??? m???i d??m trong ho???c ngo??i kinh th??nh, v?? n???u nh?? th??? ???????c th??nh l???p v?? ho???t ?????ng trong th???i gian d??i, ngo??i h??nh ph???t th??ng th?????ng ?????i v???i ng?????i vi ph???m, ch??? nh?? cho thu?? nh?? s??? b??? ph???t 80 roi v?? m???t th??ng t?? giam cho l???n vi ph???m ?????u ti??n..."
L???nh c???m m???i d??m c???a nh?? Thanh c?? th??? ???????c m?? t??? l?? m???t "l???nh c???m h???p ph??p" th???c s???. Chi???n d???ch "ch???ng m???i d??m" c???a tri???u ????nh ???????c c??ng khai r???ng r??i v?? trong m???t th???i gian ???? kh?? hi???u qu???. V?? d???, ??? D????ng Ch??u, khi ???? l?? "th??nh ph??? ????n ?????" n???i ti???ng to??n qu???c, nh???ng ng?????i h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m v?? c??ng lo l???ng. K??? t??? th???i T??y v?? ???????ng, ng??nh c??ng nghi???p m???i d??m ??? D????ng Ch??u ???? ph??t tri???n m???nh m???. B???t ch???p s??? ????n ??p c???a ch??nh quy???n tri???u ????nh ?????i v???i m???i d??m, m???i d??m v???n l?? m???t v???n n???n dai d???ng. C??c lo???i h??nh m???i d??m b?? m???t nh?? "s??o huy???t t?? nh??n", "c???ng b??n nguy???t", "D????ng T??n" v?? "g??i l??i ????" v???n ti???p t???c ho???t ?????ng. Nh???ng ng?????i h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m n??y ???? n???m r?? t??nh h??nh cu???c ????n ??p, v?? khi tin t???c lan truy???n, h??? ???? "bi???n m???t h??ng lo???t". Trong l???i t???a c???a "D????ng Ch??u C??? X??? T???", h???c gi??? ?????u th???i Thanh Ng?? Kh???i ???? vi???t: "M???i khi c?? l???nh c???m, h??? ?????u b??? ch???y ????? b???o to??n m???ng s???ng, kh??ng ai bi???t tung t??ch."
Trong t???t c??? c??c tri???u ?????i Trung Hoa c??? ?????i, tri???u ?????i nh?? Thanh c?? l???nh c???m m???i d??m r?? r??ng nh???t, nh??ng h??? kh??ng th???c s??? ng??n ch???n n??, v?? m???i d??m v???n ho??nh h??nh trong d??n ch??ng. ?????c bi???t sau khi Ho??ng ????? H??m Phong, ?? Chu???n, l??n ng??i, m???i d??m l???i b??ng ph??t ??? B???c Kinh. "L???nh c???m m???i d??m" ch??? c??n tr??n danh ngh??a. Khi th???i ?????i phong ki???n s???p k???t th??c, ng??nh c??ng nghi???p t??nh d???c do Qu???n Tr???ng kh???i x?????ng ???? tr???i qua m???t th???i k??? h??ng th???nh hi???m hoi. V??o th???i ??i???m ????, v?? s??? "khu ????n ?????" v???i quy m?? kh??c nhau ???? xu???t hi???n tr??n kh???p ?????t n?????c, ch???ng h???n nh?? "B??t ?????i H??? ?????ng" ??? B???c Kinh v?? Th?????ng H???i, khi ???? ???????c g???i l?? "M?????i d???m ngo???i qu???c". Th?????ng H???i ???? tr??? th??nh "th??? ???? t??nh d???c" c???a th??? gi???i. V??o ????m tr?????c ng??y th??nh l???p n?????c C???ng h??a Nh??n d??n Trung Hoa n??m 1949, v???n c??n h??n 800 nh?? th??? ???????c ????ng k?? t???i Th?????ng H???i.
T???i sao ng??nh c??ng nghi???p t??nh d???c l???i ph??t tri???n m???nh m??? tr??? l???i v??o cu???i tri???u ?????i nh?? Thanh? Th??? nh???t, sau khi c??c c?????ng qu???c ph????ng T??y m??? c???a Trung Qu???c, n???n kinh t??? th????ng m???i ???? k??ch th??ch ng??nh c??ng nghi???p t??nh d???c, v???n ???? t???n t???i t??? l??u. Th??? hai, ho??ng ????? l?? ng?????i ??i ?????u trong vi???c t??m ki???m kho??i l???c. Ho??ng ????? ?????ng Tr??? th??ch "du ngo???n l??ng m???n" v?? th?????ng xuy??n c???i trang ?????n c??c nh?? th???. Tin ?????n r???ng ??ng qua ?????i v?? b???nh hoa li???u (b???nh hoa li???u) kh??ng ph???i l?? kh??ng c?? c?? s???. Quan tr???ng nh???t, ch??nh s??ch ch???ng m???i d??m c???a ch??nh quy???n nh?? Thanh b???t ?????u n???i l???ng, m???t th???c t??? m?? c??c s??? gia g???i l?? "n???i l???ng l???nh c???m". Nhi???u ch??nh quy???n ?????a ph????ng ???? ??p d???ng "thu??? hoa", tr??n th???c t??? l?? c??ng nh???n t??nh h???p ph??p c???a ng?????i h??nh ngh??? m???i d??m.
??? Trung Qu???c c??? ?????i, vi???c c???m m???i d??m lu??n b??? v?????ng v??o t??nh th??? ti???n tho??i l?????ng nan n??y. M??i cho ?????n khi th??nh l???p n?????c C???ng h??a Nh??n d??n Trung Hoa, l???nh c???m m???i tr??? th??nh hi???n th???c.
????? Ho??ng theo B??ch khoa t??? ??i???n m???

D???o ?????c kinh (ti???p)

CH????NG 11
V?? D???NG
??? ???
H??n v??n:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.
Phi??n ??m:
1. Tam th???p ph??c,c???ng nh???t c???c.??????ng k??? v??, h???u xa chi d???ng.
2. Duy??n th???c d?? vi kh??. ??????ng k??? v??, h???u kh?? chi d???ng.
3. T???c h??? d?? d?? vi th???t. ??????ng k??? v??, h???u th???t chi d???ng.
4. C??? h???u chi d?? vi l???i, v?? chi d?? vi d???ng.
D???ch ngh??a:
1. Ba ch???c c??m, h???p l???i m???t b???u. Nh??? ch??? ??tr???ng kh??ng??, m???i c?? c??i d??ng c???a xe.
2. Nh??o ?????t ????? l??m ch??n b??t. Nh??? ch??? ??tr???ng kh??ng??, m???i c?? c??i d??ng c???a ch??n b??t.
3. ?????c c???a l???n, c???a s??? ????? l??m nh??; nh??? c?? ch??? tr???ng kh??ng, m???i c?? c??i d??ng c???a nh??.
4. Cho n??n l???y c??i ??c???? ????? l??m c??i l???i, l???y c??i ??kh??ng?? ????? l??m c??i d???ng.
????? Ho??ng d???ch th??:
Ba ch???c c??n m???i ra m???t ?????u
N??i tr???ng kh??ng ch??? b???u c??ng xe
Nh??o ????t b??t ch??n v??i ve
Ch??? kh??ng ra c?? b??t be ????? d??ng
C??? l???n nh??? c??ng chung ng??i v???
Nh??? tr??ng kh??ng n??n th??? ng??i nh??
L???y c??i c?? ????? l??m ra
T??? kh??ng bi???n h??a t??i ba v???t d??ng.

10 k??? n??? v?? ?????i Trung Hoa th???i c??!

M?????i k??? n??? n???i ti???ng nh???t l???ch s??? Trung Qu???c:
L?? Thi Thi h???ng ba, Tr???n Vi??n Vi??n h???ng n??m
T??m t???t: H??ng ng??n n??m l???ch s??? Trung Qu???c ???? s???n sinh ra v?? s??? anh h??ng, v?? ph??? n??? c??ng kh??ng h??? k??m c???nh nam gi???i. Nh???ng ng?????i ph??? n??? anh h??ng n??y th???t ????ng ng?????ng m???. Nh???ng k??? n??? n???i ti???ng ???? ph???i tr???i qua nhi???u gian kh???, nh??ng v???i th??n h??nh g???y g??, h??? ???? chi???n ?????u v???i s??? ph???n m???t c??ch d??? d???i nh???t.
Gi???i nh???t: T?? Ti???u Ti??u, ng?????i Ti???n ???????ng th???i Nam T???.
T?? Ti???u Ti??u b???m sinh xinh ?????p v?? ??a t??i. Tuy nhi??n, do kh?? kh??n v??? t??i ch??nh, b?? ???? sa v??o con ???????ng m???i d??m, ki???m s???ng b???ng ngh??? ca h??t v?? tr??? th??nh m???t k??? n??? l???ng danh trong th???i L???c ?????i v?? Nam T???. Gi???i v??n nh??n sau n??y ???? d??nh nhi???u l???i khen ng???i cho b??. Tuy m???t s??? ng?????i c?? v??? ph?? phi???m, nh??ng c??ng c?? nhi???u ng?????i uy??n b??c, ch???ng h???n nh?? B???ch C?? D???. Gi???i v??n nh??n v?? thi s?? ?????n th??m Ti???n ???????ng th?????ng ?????n vi???ng m??? T?? Ti???u Ti??u, m???t nh??n v???t th???m ch?? c??n l???n tu???i h??n c??? T?? ????ng Pha v?? Nh???c Phi. C??c th??? h??? sau, d?? v?? t??nh hay h???u ??, th?????ng ?????t c?? g??i n??y l??n h??ng ?????u trong nh???ng b??i th?? v??? T??y H???: "Hoa n??? tr?????c c???a nh?? T?? Ti???u Ti??u, ng?????i ph??? n??? pha r?????u b??n b??? T?? Cung", "Nh???ng c??y li???u m???m m???i c???a nh?? h??? T?? v???n gi??? nguy??n v??? quy???n r??, nh???ng c??y th??ng cao v??t b??n m??? Nh???c Phi c??ng ch???t ch???a l??ng trung th??nh". T?? Ti???u Ti??u l?? k??? n??? duy nh???t ???????c l??u danh b???t h??? trong l???ch s??? t??nh ??i Trung Qu???c, nh??ng th???t bi th???m, b?? ???? qua ?????i ??? tu???i 19.
L?? do: L?? m???t huy???n tho???i trong gi???i k??? n??? n???i ti???ng, b?? l?? m???t nh??n v???t v??n ch????ng, l?? k??? n??? ???????c gi???i v??n nh??n ng?????ng m??? nh???t trong l???ch s???, kh??ng ai s??nh b???ng.
Gi???i nh??: Ti???t ????o, ng?????i T??y An th???i nh?? ???????ng.
S??? h???u nhan s???c n???i b???t v?? tr?? tu??? s???c s???o, Ti???t ????o ???? bi???t l??m th?? t??? n??m t??m tu???i, am hi???u s??u s???c v??? ??m nh???c v?? s??? h???u v?? s??? t??i n??ng, mang l???i cho b?? danh ti???ng l???y l???ng. M???t cha t??? nh???, Ti???t ????o, v?? kh?? kh??n trong cu???c s???ng, ???? ???????c tri???u t???p v??o M???c ph???. B?? ???????c tuy???n v??o ?????i nh???c c??ng v?? b???t ?????u ph???c v??? r?????u, s??ng t??c th?? v?? chi??u ????i kh??ch t???i c??c t??? ??i???m gi???i tr??, ???????c m???nh danh l?? "thi nh??n". Nh??? t??i n??ng v?? s???c h??t c???a m??nh, b?? ???? tho??t kh???i ?????a v??? th???p k??m n??y v?? tr??? th??nh m???t n??? h???c gi??? ???????c k??nh tr???ng. B?? ???? x??y d???ng m???i quan h??? th??n thi???t v???i nhi???u nam nh??n th???i ???????ng, bao g???m V??? Cao, Ng?? Nguy??n H??nh, L?? ?????c V??, Nguy??n Ch???n v?? B???ch C?? D???, bao g???m c??c ti???t ????? s??? v?? t??? t?????ng quy???n l???c, c??ng nh?? c??c nh?? th?? l???n.
M???t trong T??? ?????i m??? n??? c???a Th???c, m???t trong T??? ?????i thi nh??n c???a nh?? ???????ng, v?? l?? m???t n??? hi???u ????nh vi??n trong Ph??? Nguy??n so??i.
Gi???i ba: L?? Thi Thi, ng?????i g???c Khai Phong th???i B???c T???ng.
L?? Thi Thi l?? ng?????i c?? t??i n??ng xu???t ch??ng, gi???i v??n ch????ng v?? ca h??t, n???i ti???ng kh???p kinh ???? Bi???n L????ng. C??u chuy???n v??? L?? Thi Thi, Ho??ng ????? T???ng Huy T??ng, quan v??n Chu Bang Nhan, v?? quan v??n Gi??? Ngh??? l?? m???t trong nh???ng c??u chuy???n th?? v??? nh???t trong gi???i quan l???i. Chu Bang Nhan, v?? ghen t??? v???i ho??ng ?????, ???? vi???t m???t b??i th??, d???n ?????n vi???c ???????c th??ng ch???c ?????t ng???t, trong khi Gi??? Ngh???, v?? ghen t???, ???? vi???t m???t b??i th??, d???n ?????n vi???c b??? gi??ng ch???c. Ng?????i ph??? n??? huy???n tho???i n??y, tuy kh??ng c?? s??? t???n t???y b???o v??? ?????t n?????c v?? nh??n d??n nh?? L????ng H???ng Ng???c, nh??ng l???i ???????c l??ng d??n nh?? T?? Ti???u Hi???u, hay n???i bu???n nh?? ?????ng Ti???u Uy???n, l???i c?? t??i n??ng v?? s???c h??t kh??ng k??m.
S???c ?????p v?? t??i n??ng c???a b?? ???? chinh ph???c c??? ho??ng ?????, quan v??n l???n quan v??n.
Gi???i t??: L????ng H???ng Ng???c, ng?????i g???c Tr?? Ch??u th???i nh?? T???ng
Sinh v??o n??m ?????u ti??n tri???u ?????i S??ng Ninh c???a Ho??ng ????? Huy T??ng, cha b?? l?? m???t qu??n nh??n. ??ng b??? ????nh b???i v?? b??? x??? t??? trong chi???n d???ch ch???ng l???i Ph????ng L???p, b??? l???i H???ng Ng???c l??m k??? n??? trong doanh tr???i Kinh Kh???u. B?? s??? h???u t??i n??ng th?? ph??p v?? n??ng l???c si??u nhi??n, c?? th??? gi????ng cung b???n cung uy l???c. T???i m???t bu???i y???n ti???c ??? Kinh Kh???u, b?? g???p v??? t?????ng l???i l???c H??n Th??? Trung, hai ng?????i n???y sinh t??nh c???m v?? nhanh ch??ng tr??? th??nh m???t c???p. Sau khi nh?? B???c T???ng s???p ?????, qu??n T???n ti???p t???c ti???n v??? ph??a nam v?? ch???m tr??n v???i qu??n c???a H??n Th??? Trung t???i Kinh Kh???u. L????ng H???ng Ng???c, r???ng r??? v?? anh h??ng, kho??c tr??n m??nh b??? ????? ?????, vung tr???ng tr???n Kim S??n, v?? v???i l???c l?????ng nh??? h??n qu??n ?????ch g???p m?????i l???n, b?? ???? ????nh b???i T???n V?? Thu???t v?? c???m ch??n qu??n T???n t???i Ho??ng Thi??n ??ang trong b???n m????i t??m ng??y, t???o n??n danh ti???ng kh???p Trung Qu???c v?? th???m ch?? c??? n?????c ngo??i. Sau n??y, trong c??c cu???c B???c ph???t do H??n Th??? Trung, Nh???c Phi v?? L??u Tu???n ch??? huy, L????ng H???ng Ng???c ???? d???n ?????u m???t ?????i qu??n n??? binh, nhi???u l???n ????nh b???i qu??n T???n v?? l???p n??n nh???ng chi???n c??ng hi???n h??ch. ????y ch??nh l?? ngu???n g???c c???a c??u n??i "N??? nhi ?????ng ch??" (????????????).
L?? do: Chi???n ?????u v???i qu??n T???n b???ng c??? s???c m???nh d??n s??? l???n qu??n s???.
Gi???i n??m: Tr???n Nguy??n Vi??n, m???t ph??? n??? th???i Minh ?????n t??? Th?????ng Ch??u. M??? nh??n tuy???t th??? n??y, sinh ra b??n b??? s??ng T???n Ho??i, ???? g??y ra m???t cu???c n???i lo???n, l???t ????? m???t v??? ho??ng ?????, thay ?????i m???t v??? vua h??ng m???nh, v?? th???m ch?? c??? nh???ng chi???n binh anh h??ng th???i b???y gi??? c??ng ra tr???n v?? n??ng. Ng?? Tam Qu??? th???t l??n: "N???u m???t ng?????i ????n ??ng kh??ng th??? b???o v??? v??? m??nh, th?? s???ng c??n ?? ngh??a g???" Sau ????, ??ng ????ch th??n m??? c???ng th??nh cho qu??n Thanh ti???n v??o, b???t ?????u m???t thi??n anh h??ng ca v??? cu???c chi???n gi??nh ng?????i ph??? n??? xinh ?????p. ??ng d???n ?????u m???t ?????i qu??n tr??m ng??n ng?????i truy ??u???i kh??ng ng???ng ngh??? L?? T??? Th??nh, quy???t t??m gi??nh l???i ng?????i m??nh y??u. Tuy nhi??n, khi nghe tin Tr???n Vi??n Vi??n ???? an to??n ??? kinh th??nh, ??ng l???p t???c d???ng cu???c truy ??u???i v?? t???p trung v??o vi???c ch??o ????n ng?????i ?????p. ??ng ra l???nh d???ng m???t chi???c l???u ?????y m??u s???c tr?????c doanh tr???i ch??nh, v???i c??? x??, s??o tr??c v?? tr???ng tr???i d??i ba m????i d???m. Ch??nh ??ng, trong b??? qu??n ph???c ch???nh t???, ???? ????ch th??n c?????i ng???a ra ????n n??ng. Bu???i l??? long tr???ng nh?? ch??o ????n m???t v??? ho??ng ????? ?????n. L?? do: S???c ?????p c???a n??ng th???t ngo???n m???c, v?? l???ch s??? ???? thay ?????i v?? n??ng.
Gi???i s??u: L??u Nh?? Th???, ng?????i Gia H??ng th???i nh?? Minh.
N??m m?????i tu???i, b?? b??? b??n v??o k??? vi???n do gia ????nh kh?? kh??n v??? t??i ch??nh. Nh???ng k??? n??ng thi???t y???u cho cu???c s???ng c???a m???t k??? n??? ???? ????nh d???u s??? kh???i ?????u c???a cu???c ?????i b??. T??i n??ng, s???c ?????p, c??ng v???i th?? ca v?? h???i h???a xu???t ch??ng ???? mang l???i cho b?? danh ti???ng. M???c d?? l?? m???t k??? n???, L??u Nh?? Th??? v?? c??ng c??m gh??t cu???c s???ng c???a m???t k??? l???a ?????o t???m th?????ng. T??nh c??ch ki??n quy???t v?? quy???t ??o??n c???a b?? ???? ??n s??u v??o cu???c ?????i ?????y s??ng gi?? c???a b??. B??? b??n v??o k??? vi???n t??? khi c??n nh???, L??u Nh?? Th??? ???? tr???i qua m???t cu???c s???ng kh?? kh??n. B?? t???ng ???????c m???t v??? quan n???i c??c chu???c l??m thi???p, nh??ng su??t ch???t d?????i tay "H??a ????ng S??" hung d??? v?? ghen tu??ng trong nh?? ??ng ta. Sau khi ch???ng b?? l?? Ti???n Thi??n Nh???t qua ?????i, ng?????i ph??? n??? trung h???u v?? ch??nh tr???c n??y ???? t??? t???.
L?? do: C???ng hi???n cho l??ng y??u n?????c, m???t ng?????i ph??? n??? t??i n??ng c???a th???i ?????i, v?? l?? th??? l??nh c???a B??t M??? Nh??n T???n Ho??i.
Gi???i b???y: ?????ng Ti???u Uy???n, ng?????i T?? Ch??u th???i nh?? Minh
?????ng Ti???u Uy???n, m???t k??? n??? ???????c m???nh danh l?? m???t trong "T??m m??? nh??n T???n Ho??i", sinh ra trong k??? vi???n, tr???i qua bao th??ng tr???m c???a cu???c s???ng, nh??ng l???i s??? h???u nhan s???c v?? s???c h??t si??u ph??m.
Tr?? tu??? v?? t??i n??ng phi th?????ng c???a n??ng ???? chinh ph???c v?? s??? nam n???. V???i s??? gi??p ????? c???a k??? n??? l???ng danh L??u Nh?? Th???, Mao B?? Giang ???? c???u v???t ?????ng Ti???u Uy???n v?? c?????i n??ng l??m v???. Sau khi c???i ?????o, ?????ng Ti???u Uy???n, n???i ti???ng v???i s??? chu ????o, th???u hi???u, t??n tr???ng v?? v??ng l???i, c??ng v???i t??i n??ng th?? ph??p, h???i h???a v?? ???m th???c xu???t ch??ng, ???? chi???m ???????c t??nh c???m c???a c??c b???c tr?????ng b???i trong gia t???c h??? Mao.
L?? do: Ng?????i s??ng t???o ra ????ng ???????ng v?? ????ng Nhu, ???????c m???nh danh l?? "phi t???n v?? ?????i nh???t m???i th???i ?????i".
Gi???i t??m: L?? T????ng Qu??n, ng?????i T?? Ch??u th???i nh?? Minh
L?? Sinh ra trong m???t gia ????nh k??? n???, T????ng Qu??n ch???u ?????ng s??? k??? th??? v?? s??? nh???c, nh??ng n??ng kh??c v???i nh???ng k??? n??? b??nh th?????ng ch??? bi???t ca h??t cho vui. B?? s??? h???u nh???ng l?? t?????ng cao ?????p, s??? hi???u bi???t s??u s???c v??? c??ng l?? v?? l??ng d??ng c???m tr?????c quy???n l???c. B?? d??m t??? c??o s??? tham nh??ng v?? h??nh vi sai tr??i c???a T??? t?????ng v?? c??c quan ch???c c???p cao kh??c, ch???ng l???i s??? ??p b???c c???a k??? m???nh. B?? ki??n ?????nh trong t??nh y??u, c??m gh??t c??i ??c, v?? d??m c??? y??u l???n gh??t. B?? l?? hi???n th??n c???a m???t ng?????i ph??? n??? ti???n b??? ti??u bi???u, ch???u ?????ng ??p b???c v?? s??? nh???c, nh??ng v???n trung th??nh v???i t??nh y??u, gi??? v???ng l???p tr?????ng, ph?? v??? truy???n th???ng v?? v?????t l??n tr??n nh???ng l?? t?????ng tr???n t???c.
L?? do: Th??nh th???o c??c lo???i nh???c c??? d??y, ????n t??? b??, ??m nh???c v?? th?? ca, b?? l?? m???t ng?????i ph??? n??? ki??n quy???t, nh??ng l???i s??? h???u m???t tr??i tim nh??n h???u v?? tinh th???n h??o hi???p.
V??? tr?? th??? ch??n: Sai Kim Hoa, ng?????i An Huy th???i nh?? Thanh.
T??n c???a H??n Kim Hoa l??... M???t trong nh???ng k??? n??? n???i ti???ng nh???t trong l???ch s??? Trung Qu???c, Sai Kim Hoa, ???????c bi???t ?????n v???i nh???ng chuy???n du l???ch ?????n ?????c, ??o, Nga v?? H?? Lan, ???????c coi l?? m???t k??? n??? ki???u ph????ng T??y. Cu???c ?????i b?? ?????y r???y nh???ng c??u chuy???n v??? h??n nh??n v?? t??nh y??u (b?? k???t h??n ba l???n v?? s???ng ???n d???t ba l???n), m???t khung c???nh ?????y r???y nh???ng huy???n tho???i. B?? v????n l??n t??? m???t k??? n??? g???i c???m ?????n phi t???n c???a m???t h???c gi??? h??ng ?????u, v??? c???a m???t quan l???i tri???u ????nh, v?? cu???i c??ng l?? m???t k??? n??? l???ng danh, tr???i qua v?? v??n th??ng tr???m. L?? m???t ng?????i t??nh c??, Sai Jinhua ???? th??c gi???c Waldersee th???c thi k??? lu???t, ki???m ch??? s??? tr???y l???c v?? c?????p b??c c???a binh l??nh, c???u m???ng v?? t??i s???n c???a ng?????i d??n B???c Kinh v?? duy tr?? m???c ????? an ninh c??ng c???ng cao.
L?? do: Hy sinh s???c ?????p ????? c???u ng?????i, v?? n??i ???????c nhi???u th??? ti???ng.
V??? tr?? th??? 10: Ti??u Ph???ng Hi???n, Ti???n ???????ng th???i nh?? Minh Ti??u Ph???ng Hi???n sinh ra trong m???t gia ????nh s?? quan qu??n ?????i M??n Ch??u ??ang suy t??n. Sau khi cha b?? qua ?????i, m??? b??, m???t phi t???n, ???? b??? m??? c??? ng?????c ????i, bu???c b?? ph???i r???i kh???i nh?? h??? Chu c??ng v???i b??. Kh??ng l??u sau, m??? b?? qua ?????i v?? b???nh, v?? ???????c m???t v?? nu??i t??n Tr????ng nh???n nu??i d?????ng, b?? ?????i h??? th??nh Tr????ng v?? ?????t t??n l?? Phong V??n. Thi???u c??m ??n ??o m???c, b?? h???c h??t v???i m???t ngh??? s?? h??? H??? r???i ?????n Nam Kinh ca h??t ki???m s???ng, l???y ngh??? danh l?? "Ti??u Ph???ng Hi???n". Sau ????, b?? ki???m s???ng b???ng ngh??? h??t cho kh??ch trong ??o??n V??n C?? c???a ???????ng Thi???m T??y, m???t trong B??t ?????i H??? ?????ng n???i ti???ng. T??i n??ng, nhan s???c v?? t??i n??ng ngh??? thu???t c???a b?? ???? g??y d???ng danh ti???ng r???ng r??i ??? kinh ????, khi???n b?? tr??? th??nh m???t k??? n??? l???ng danh trong nh???ng n??m ?????u c???a Trung Hoa D??n Qu???c.
L?? do: Gi??p Th??i Ng???c tho??t kh???i Vi??n Th??? Kh???i v?? g??p ph???n v??o th??nh c??ng c???a C??ch m???ng l???n th??? hai.
D??? Ho??ng theo Danh c???m, k??? n???

?????o ????c kinh

Ltg: ?????o ?????c kinh ???????c L??o T??? vi???t kho???ng 600 n??m tr?????c c??ng nguy??n. N?? l?? cu???n s??ch c???n thi???t cho ng?????i l??m d??n, l??m t?????ng, l??m vua??? Nhi???u b??i h???c ?????n nay v???n c??n h???u ??ch. T??i d???ch ra th?? t??? th???i tr??? (sinh vi??n) h???c Tam gi??o ??? Hu??? (1981 - 1984). Nay ????a n?? l??n m???ng ????? m???i ng?????i tham kh???o!
???? Ho??ng
CH????NG 12
KI???M D???C
??? ???
H??n v??n:
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.
Phi??n ??m:
1. Ng?? s???c l???nh nh??n m???c manh..Ng?? ??m l???nh nh??n nh?? lung. Ng?? v??? l???nh nh??n kh???u s???ng.. Tr?? s??nh, ??i???n li???p l???nh nh??n t??m ph??t cu???ng. Nan ?????c chi h??a, l???nh nh??n h??nh ph????ng.
2. Th??? d?? th??nh nh??n v??? ph??c b???t v??? m???c. C??? kh??? b??? th??? th???.
D???ch ngh??a:
1. N??m m??u khi???n ng?????i m?? m???t. N??m gi???ng khi???n ng?????i ??i???c tai. N??m m??i khi???n ng?????i t?? l?????i. Ru???i rong s??n b???n, khi???n l??ng ng?????i h??a cu???ng. C???a c???i kh?? ???????c, khi???n ng?????i b??? tai h???i.
2. B???i v???y, th??nh nh??n v?? b???ng kh??ng v?? m???t. N??n b??? c??i kia, l???y c??i n??y.
????? Ho??ng d???ch th??:
N??m m??u s???c l??m c??ng m?? m???t
N??m ti???ng k??u ng?????i ?????c ??i???c tai.
N??m m??i l?????i li???m l?? d??i
Ru???i rong s??n b???n ng?????i t??i h??a ??i??n
C???a c???i kho, ng?????i th??m b??? h???i
Th??nh nh??n th?????ng kinh h??i b???ng m??nh
Th?????ng t??m coi tr???ng m???t nh??n
Ch???n hay lo???i b??? ph???i tinh t???n t?????ng..